Resistance & Immunity 2 Flashcards
what is immunization?
the process by which resistance to a disease can be induced or augmented
what are the 2 different ways of immunization?
1) Induced
2) Augmented
what is induced immunization?
stimulating immunity of the body to a specific disease it has not yet encountered so preventing infection
AKA giving someone a vaccine
what is augmented immunization?
supplementing / boosting the bodies own response to a particular disease
AKA throug injection of specific antibodies
what are the three different types of vaccinations can we do for active immunization?
1) Injection of dead organisms
2) Injection of modified toxins (toxoids)
3) injection of life attenuated organisms
what type of passive immunization can you inject?
injections of antibodies
what are conditions that may result due to a compromised immune system?
1) immunological tolerance
2) Autoimmune Diseases: failure of the immunological tolerance
3) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
what is immunological tolerance?
The immune cells do not react to and attack the body`s own proteins and tissues
does not differentiate between self vs non-self
what is autoimmune disease?
failure of the immunological tolerance
more common in females
Activation of cytotoxic T cells
Production of autoantibodies
what is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome?
The human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infects and kills helper T cells
treatment: Antiretroviral therapy
what are the 4 major blood groups in human?
1) A
2) B
3) AB
4) O
how is a particular blood type determined?
by the presence of specific proteins (& attached carbohydrates)
where are the specific proteins (& attached carbohydrates) found in the body and what are they called?
1) attached to the RBC membranes (antigens)
2) in the plasma (antibodies/agglutinins)
what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type A blood?
A antigens
what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type B blood?
B Antigens
what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type AB blood?
A and B antigens
what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type O blood?
zero antigens
what are the specfic proteins found in the plasma for type A blood?
anti-B antibodies
what are the specfic proteins found in the plasma for type B blood?
anti-A antibodies
what are the specific proteins found in plasma for type AB blood?
no antibodies
what are the specific proteins found in plasma for type O blood?
A and B antibodies
what happens if RBC are placed into plasma that contains the opposite antibody?
agglutination and subsequent hemolysis will result
AKA red blood cells will be broken down
how do we determine blood type?
by mixing anti A and anti-B serums with different red blood cells and seeing id they hemolyse (break down)
**whatever RBC is broken down by the serum determines the type**
what is the ideal/perfect way to do a blood transfusion?
have the exact same type of blood to transfer
or
make sure recipients plasma does not have the antibody that will cause the donor cells to break down
what are the possible donars for each blood type recipient?
A = A O
B = B O
AB = AB A B O
O = O (universal donor)
what is another important antigen in matching blood types?
Rh antigen
the body does not normally have Rh antibodies sow hen a body is exposed to it, the body sees it as a foreign object and makes antibodies against it.
important during pregnancy
what happens with first pregnancy and the Rh factor?
when the baby is born, some of the Rh that the baby has been induced with by the dad will enter the mother which will produce anti-Rh antibodies between pregnancies.
what could happen with the second pregnancy when the mother has anti-Rh antibodies and her unborn baby is Rh positive?
the antibodies from the mother will cross the placenta and cause agglutination and destroy RBC of baby
