Resistance & Immunity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunization?

A

the process by which resistance to a disease can be induced or augmented

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2
Q

what are the 2 different ways of immunization?

A

1) Induced
2) Augmented

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3
Q

what is induced immunization?

A

stimulating immunity of the body to a specific disease it has not yet encountered so preventing infection

AKA giving someone a vaccine

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4
Q

what is augmented immunization?

A

supplementing / boosting the bodies own response to a particular disease

AKA throug injection of specific antibodies

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5
Q

what are the three different types of vaccinations can we do for active immunization?

A

1) Injection of dead organisms
2) Injection of modified toxins (toxoids)
3) injection of life attenuated organisms

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6
Q

what type of passive immunization can you inject?

A

injections of antibodies

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7
Q

what are conditions that may result due to a compromised immune system?

A

1) immunological tolerance
2) Autoimmune Diseases: failure of the immunological tolerance
3) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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8
Q

what is immunological tolerance?

A

The immune cells do not react to and attack the body`s own proteins and tissues

does not differentiate between self vs non-self

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9
Q

what is autoimmune disease?

A

failure of the immunological tolerance

more common in females

Activation of cytotoxic T cells

Production of autoantibodies

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10
Q

what is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome?

A

The human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infects and kills helper T cells

treatment: Antiretroviral therapy

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11
Q

what are the 4 major blood groups in human?

A

1) A
2) B
3) AB
4) O

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12
Q

how is a particular blood type determined?

A

by the presence of specific proteins (& attached carbohydrates)

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13
Q

where are the specific proteins (& attached carbohydrates) found in the body and what are they called?

A

1) attached to the RBC membranes (antigens)
2) in the plasma (antibodies/agglutinins)

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14
Q

what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type A blood?

A

A antigens

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15
Q

what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type B blood?

A

B Antigens

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16
Q

what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type AB blood?

A

A and B antigens

17
Q

what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type O blood?

A

zero antigens

18
Q

what are the specfic proteins found in the plasma for type A blood?

A

anti-B antibodies

19
Q

what are the specfic proteins found in the plasma for type B blood?

A

anti-A antibodies

20
Q

what are the specific proteins found in plasma for type AB blood?

A

no antibodies

21
Q

what are the specific proteins found in plasma for type O blood?

A

A and B antibodies

22
Q

what happens if RBC are placed into plasma that contains the opposite antibody?

A

agglutination and subsequent hemolysis will result

AKA red blood cells will be broken down

23
Q

how do we determine blood type?

A

by mixing anti A and anti-B serums with different red blood cells and seeing id they hemolyse (break down)

**whatever RBC is broken down by the serum determines the type**

24
Q

what is the ideal/perfect way to do a blood transfusion?

A

have the exact same type of blood to transfer

or

make sure recipients plasma does not have the antibody that will cause the donor cells to break down

25
Q

what are the possible donars for each blood type recipient?

A

A = A O

B = B O

AB = AB A B O

O = O (universal donor)

26
Q

what is another important antigen in matching blood types?

A

Rh antigen

the body does not normally have Rh antibodies sow hen a body is exposed to it, the body sees it as a foreign object and makes antibodies against it.

important during pregnancy

27
Q

what happens with first pregnancy and the Rh factor?

A

when the baby is born, some of the Rh that the baby has been induced with by the dad will enter the mother which will produce anti-Rh antibodies between pregnancies.

28
Q

what could happen with the second pregnancy when the mother has anti-Rh antibodies and her unborn baby is Rh positive?

A

the antibodies from the mother will cross the placenta and cause agglutination and destroy RBC of baby