Cell Respiration Flashcards
what is cellular respiration?
respiration at a cellular level
putting third phosphate back from ADP when it has been used
ADP-ATP
what are the uses of energy in the cells?
metabolism
movement
growth
cell division
action potentials
what is the universal energy currency?
ATP
what is the primary energy source to generate ATP?
glucose
what does 1 glucose molecule create?
36 ATP
36ADP - 36ATP
what are the 2 locations where cellular respiration occur?
cytoplasm
mitochondria
what is the role of ATP?
offers immediate, usable energy needed by body cells
catabolic reaction (releases energy)
what binds to enzymes to release molecules to break bonds?
high energy terminal phosphate
what is redox reaction?
oxidation reduction reactions to release glucose from molecules
how do organic molecules carry their energy?
high energy electrons release their energy as thet move to a lower energy state
what moves with electron with oxidation/reduction?
hydrogen due to being close to nucles and only having one electron
what is oxidation?
loss of electrons
what is reduction?
gain of electrons
what does OIL RIG stand for?
oxygen is loss
reduction is gain
what is NAD and FAD?
electron carriers that temoporary stores electrons when glucose is removed from electron
what does NAD and FAD become when electrons are stored and how many do they hold?
NAD - NADH + H+
FAD - FADH2
2 electrons held at a time
what happens after NAD and FAD storage ?
transports the electrons to a small “machine” to use the energy to make ATP
what is substrate-level phosphorylation?
metabolic reaction that forms ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP form another phosphorylated compound
(one way to attach P to ADP)
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
process where the energy stored from NADH and FADH2 is used to produce ATP
makes up the rest of the 32 ATP
occurs in mitochondria
what is glycolysis?
the breaking down of glucose
what are the 4 stages of glucose catabolism?
1) glycolysis
2) pyruvic acid oxidation
3) Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle)
4) Electron transport chain
where does glycolysis occur?
in cytosol
where does pyruvic acid oxidation occur?
in mitochondrial matrix
where does kreb’s cycle occur?
in mitochondrial matrix
where does electron transort chain occur?
mitochondrial inner membrane
what happens with glycolysis?
glucose is rushed into the cell
phosphate by ATP is attached to glucose in cell so it stays inside
glucose molecule is then energized and forms 6C compunds which are then split
the 3C compounds (pyruvic acid) are ozidized and stores by NAD+
(1 6 carbon compound - 2 3 carbon compounds)
what are the results of glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acid molecules
2 ATP molecules
2 NADH
C6H12O6 - C3H4O6 due to 2 other hydrogen used in first step of glycolysis
what is anaerobic respiration?
when pyruvic acid turns into lactic acid due to no oxygen
once onygen is available again, lactic acid returns back to pyruvic acid
hydrogen is returned to pyruvic acid to become lactic acid
how is acetyl coenzyme A formed from pyruvic acid?
pyruvic acid enters mitochondria
carbon is removed and CO2 is produced to leave when exhaling
NAD removes electrons/hydrogen (resorption)
the remainder of the pyruvic acid is attached to co-enzyme A to produce acetyl-CoA
what is the result of oxidation of pyruvic acid?
2 CO2
2 NADH
2 Acetyl-CoA
what is the thirs step for cell respiration?
kreb’s cycle
AKA citric acid cycle
what are the steps of the kreb’s cycle?
1) 3 carbon molecules goes under pyruvic oxidation- takes one carbon molecules off to make a 2 carbon-compound (acetyl CoA)
rest gets exhaled as Co2
reduction happens with NAD+ to form NADH
(preparation step)
step 1) acetyl CoA (2 carbon) merges with some oxaloacetic acid (4 carbon-complex) = 6 carbon molecule (citric acid)
step 2) citric acid is oxidized and converted to another molecule that gets oxidized by NAD+, which loses a carbon as Co2 = 5 carbon molecules
step 3) another carbon gets oxidized by NAD+ to lose another carbon = 4 carbon molecules
step 4) the remaining 4 carbon molecules gets converted back to the 4 carbon compound (oxaloacetate) = 1 NADH + FADH2
step 5) one more ATP is made directly
what is the net result of the kreb’s cycle?
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
**2 cycles of kreb’s / 1 glucose molecule**
what step occurs after kreb’s cycle?
electron transport chain (ETC)
what does the ETC consist of?
series of protein complex embedded in inner membrane of mitochondria
4 total
how are the electrons passed along the protein complex chain?
transfers from one protein to another due to oxidation/reduction between 2 protein complex
each protein complex that comes after has a higher attraction than the one before
what is Chemiosmosis?
the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.
uses the energy stored in the hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane to produce ATP
what are the 2 parts of Oxidative Phosphorylation?
1) electron transport chain
2) chemiosmosis
what is the difference of NADH vs FADH2?
NADH passes its electrons to the beginning of the electron transport chain (produces 3 ATP)
FADH2 passes its electrons later down the chain (Complex II)
(produces 2 ATP)
less energy is released as electrons are passed along the protein chain
why does it say we should produce 38 ATP but there’s is only 36?
the transport of NADH from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix leads to the loss of 2 ATP
what is the importance of water in cellular respiration?
- It combines the electrons from the end of the ETC with hydrogen ions available from the matrix and forms water
what happens when there is an absence of O2 for cellular respiration?
in mitochondria:
- the electrons that are being passed down the ETC have nowhere to go which then gets filled up with no where to go
- NAD+ and FAD won’t be regenerated
cytosol:
Glycolysis will eventually stop because there would be no NAD+ to take part in the reactions
A series of reactions have evolved to regenerate NAD+ from NADH, in the process turning pyruvic acid into lactic acid = anaerobic respiration
what is Anaerobic respiration?
when there is no oxigen present so the pruvic acid turns into lactic acid
