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BIOL 1209 > Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Cell Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

respiration at a cellular level

putting third phosphate back from ADP when it has been used

ADP-ATP

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2
Q

what are the uses of energy in the cells?

A

metabolism

movement

growth

cell division

action potentials

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3
Q

what is the universal energy currency?

A

ATP

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4
Q

what is the primary energy source to generate ATP?

A

glucose

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5
Q

what does 1 glucose molecule create?

A

36 ATP

36ADP - 36ATP

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6
Q

what are the 2 locations where cellular respiration occur?

A

cytoplasm

mitochondria

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7
Q

what is the role of ATP?

A

offers immediate, usable energy needed by body cells

catabolic reaction (releases energy)

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8
Q

what binds to enzymes to release molecules to break bonds?

A

high energy terminal phosphate

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9
Q

what is redox reaction?

A

oxidation reduction reactions to release glucose from molecules

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10
Q

how do organic molecules carry their energy?

A

high energy electrons release their energy as thet move to a lower energy state

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11
Q

what moves with electron with oxidation/reduction?

A

hydrogen due to being close to nucles and only having one electron

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12
Q

what is oxidation?

A

loss of electrons

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13
Q

what is reduction?

A

gain of electrons

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14
Q

what does OIL RIG stand for?

A

oxygen is loss

reduction is gain

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15
Q

what is NAD and FAD?

A

electron carriers that temoporary stores electrons when glucose is removed from electron

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16
Q

what does NAD and FAD become when electrons are stored and how many do they hold?

A

NAD - NADH + H+

FAD - FADH2

2 electrons held at a time

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17
Q

what happens after NAD and FAD storage ?

A

transports the electrons to a small “machine” to use the energy to make ATP

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18
Q

what is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

metabolic reaction that forms ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP form another phosphorylated compound

(one way to attach P to ADP)

19
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

process where the energy stored from NADH and FADH2 is used to produce ATP

makes up the rest of the 32 ATP

occurs in mitochondria

20
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

the breaking down of glucose

21
Q

what are the 4 stages of glucose catabolism?

A

1) glycolysis
2) pyruvic acid oxidation
3) Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle)
4) Electron transport chain

22
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in cytosol

23
Q

where does pyruvic acid oxidation occur?

A

in mitochondrial matrix

24
Q

where does kreb’s cycle occur?

A

in mitochondrial matrix

25
Q

where does electron transort chain occur?

A

mitochondrial inner membrane

26
Q

what happens with glycolysis?

A

glucose is rushed into the cell

phosphate by ATP is attached to glucose in cell so it stays inside

glucose molecule is then energized and forms 6C compunds which are then split

the 3C compounds (pyruvic acid) are ozidized and stores by NAD+

(1 6 carbon compound - 2 3 carbon compounds)

27
Q

what are the results of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvic acid molecules

2 ATP molecules

2 NADH

C6H12O6 - C3H4O6 due to 2 other hydrogen used in first step of glycolysis

28
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

when pyruvic acid turns into lactic acid due to no oxygen

once onygen is available again, lactic acid returns back to pyruvic acid

hydrogen is returned to pyruvic acid to become lactic acid

29
Q

how is acetyl coenzyme A formed from pyruvic acid?

A

pyruvic acid enters mitochondria

carbon is removed and CO2 is produced to leave when exhaling

NAD removes electrons/hydrogen (resorption)

the remainder of the pyruvic acid is attached to co-enzyme A to produce acetyl-CoA

30
Q

what is the result of oxidation of pyruvic acid?

A

2 CO2

2 NADH

2 Acetyl-CoA

31
Q

what is the thirs step for cell respiration?

A

kreb’s cycle

AKA citric acid cycle

32
Q

what are the steps of the kreb’s cycle?

A

1) 3 carbon molecules goes under pyruvic oxidation- takes one carbon molecules off to make a 2 carbon-compound (acetyl CoA)

rest gets exhaled as Co2

reduction happens with NAD+ to form NADH

(preparation step)

step 1) acetyl CoA (2 carbon) merges with some oxaloacetic acid (4 carbon-complex) = 6 carbon molecule (citric acid)

step 2) citric acid is oxidized and converted to another molecule that gets oxidized by NAD+, which loses a carbon as Co2 = 5 carbon molecules

step 3) another carbon gets oxidized by NAD+ to lose another carbon = 4 carbon molecules

step 4) the remaining 4 carbon molecules gets converted back to the 4 carbon compound (oxaloacetate) = 1 NADH + FADH2

step 5) one more ATP is made directly

33
Q

what is the net result of the kreb’s cycle?

A

4 CO2

6 NADH

2 FADH2

2 ATP

**2 cycles of kreb’s / 1 glucose molecule**

34
Q

what step occurs after kreb’s cycle?

A

electron transport chain (ETC)

35
Q

what does the ETC consist of?

A

series of protein complex embedded in inner membrane of mitochondria

4 total

36
Q

how are the electrons passed along the protein complex chain?

A

transfers from one protein to another due to oxidation/reduction between 2 protein complex

each protein complex that comes after has a higher attraction than the one before

37
Q

what is Chemiosmosis?

A

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.

uses the energy stored in the hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane to produce ATP

38
Q

what are the 2 parts of Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

1) electron transport chain
2) chemiosmosis

39
Q

what is the difference of NADH vs FADH2?

A

NADH passes its electrons to the beginning of the electron transport chain (produces 3 ATP)

FADH2 passes its electrons later down the chain (Complex II)

(produces 2 ATP)

less energy is released as electrons are passed along the protein chain

40
Q

why does it say we should produce 38 ATP but there’s is only 36?

A

the transport of NADH from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix leads to the loss of 2 ATP

41
Q

what is the importance of water in cellular respiration?

A
  • It combines the electrons from the end of the ETC with hydrogen ions available from the matrix and forms water
42
Q

what happens when there is an absence of O2 for cellular respiration?

A

in mitochondria:

  • the electrons that are being passed down the ETC have nowhere to go which then gets filled up with no where to go
  • NAD+ and FAD won’t be regenerated

cytosol:

Glycolysis will eventually stop because there would be no NAD+ to take part in the reactions

A series of reactions have evolved to regenerate NAD+ from NADH, in the process turning pyruvic acid into lactic acid = anaerobic respiration

43
Q

what is Anaerobic respiration?

A

when there is no oxigen present so the pruvic acid turns into lactic acid

BIOL 1209 (11 decks)

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