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BIOL 1209 > Resistance & Immunity 1 > Flashcards

Resistance & Immunity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some different types of innate defences?

A

1) external defenses
2) Internal defence

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2
Q

what are the actions of t-cells?

A
  • during maturation, they develop immunocompetence and immunotolerance (self vs. non-self)
  • migrate to lymphatic tissues
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3
Q

where are lymphocytes (T/Bcells) made?

A

bone marrow

Killer cells that are trained what to attack

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4
Q

what is antimicrobial proteins?

A

proteins present in plasma or produced by infected cells

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5
Q

what do b-cells difrentiate into?

A

plasma cells

memory b-cells

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6
Q

how does antigen-antibody complex destroy foreign substance in the body?

A

fixes and activates complement which enhances

1) phagocytosis
2) inflammation

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7
Q

what is the difference of a circulatory vs lymphatic system?

A

cirulatory = circuit

lymphatic = one way

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8
Q

what are the differences of B-cells and T-cells?

A

B-cells:

  • attacks outside cells
  • stays in bone marrow
  • become plasma cells which produce antibodies
  • humoral immunity (present in circulation)

T-cells:

  • attacks inside cells
  • travels to chest region (thymus)
  • does not produce antibodies (kills directly)
  • develops certain T-cells to attack specific pathogens
  • cellular immunity
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9
Q

what is composed of the lymphatic system?

A
  • when plasma leaves the capillary, most is returned
  • 15% remains in tissues as part of interstitial fluid
  • 15% more blood in arteries than veins
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10
Q

what is the use of a fever?

A
  • intensifies the effect of phagocytosis
  • inhibits virus growth due to high temp.
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11
Q

what are the different leucocyte counts?

A

neutrophils = 60-70%

leukocytes = 20-25%

monocytes = 3=8%

Eosinphils = 2-4%

Basophils = 0.5-1%

changes in these can help diagnose a problem

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12
Q

what are macrophages?

A

antigen presenting “messenger” cells that stimulate T & B cells

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13
Q

what is the phogocytic cell that initiate the process of adaptive immunity?

A

antigen presenting cells

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14
Q

what are the functions of plasma cells?

A
  • leave the lymph node and enter the general circulation (secreting antibody)
  • produces the specific antibody against the foreign antigen
  • antibodies released into plasma are circulated around the body
  • antibodies attach to and inactivate the foreign antigen
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15
Q

what is the passage through the lymphatic system?

A

right lymphatic duct

right subclavian duct (goes through right atrium of heart)

thoracic duct

left subclavian vein

goes to vena cava to put lymph back in circulation

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16
Q

what is the use of inflammation?

A
  • localized response
  • vasodilation
  • blood vessels more permeable making WBC move out & quicker
  • WBC releases compounds which causes swelling
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17
Q

what are the actions of b-cells?

A
  • develop immunocompetence and immunotolerance (self vs. non-self)
  • ability to carry out specific immune responses
  • more concentrated in the lymphatic tissues (nodes)
18
Q

what are examples of external defenses?

A

skin & mucous membranes

Body secretions:

mucous

gastric juice

tears

saliva

sweat & oil

19
Q

what are the differences of innate and adaptive defence?

A

innate:

  • not selective w/resistance (same plan to attack everytime)
  • protective mechanisms are common to all people
  • first line of defence
  • initial and immediately available

Adaptive:

  • different respone from person to person
  • protective mechanisms directed and tailored to a specific threat
  • second (specific) line of defence
  • slower response
20
Q

what are the 5 types of antibodies?

A

1) IgG - most common
2) IgA - mucous membranes
3) IgD- immunological
4) IgE- killing of worm parasites/allergic reactions

21
Q

what happens once antibody production stops?

A
  • both plasma and memory cells retain a “memory” of foreign antigen
  • when body is re-infected, the response is rapid and the person is actively immune to that disease
22
Q

what do t-cells divide/differentiate into?

A

1) cytotoxic t-cells
2) helper t-cells

23
Q

what types of cells are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

A

1) dendrite cells
2) marophages
3) activated B cells

24
Q

what are the 2 major lines of defence?

A

innate (inherited)

adaptive

25
Q

what happens to the “lost” fluid?

A

restored to the irculatory system via the lymphatic system

26
Q

what are antigens?

A

anything that stimulates your immune response

27
Q

how does lymph drain back into the blood?

A

through ducts that open into the subclavian veins

**blood volume is restored before the blood enters the heart**

28
Q

what are the differences of cellular vs humoral immunity?

A

cellular:

  • production of cytotoxic t-cells
  • effective against intracellular pathogens

humoral:

  • production of antibodies (immunoglobins) that react with an antigen
  • works against extracellular pathogens
29
Q

what are 2 characteristics of antigens?

A

1) immunogenicity - react to immune system
2) reactivity - can react to certain antibodies when needed
- certain small parts of large antigen molecole triggers response (epitope/antign)

30
Q

how do antigen-antibody complex inactivate foreign substance in the body?

A
  • neutralization (masks)
  • aggulation (cell bound)
  • precipitation (soluble)
31
Q

what is immunity?

A

the function of lymphocytes, found mainly in the lymphatic system

32
Q

what do cytotoxic t-cells divide/differentiates into?

A

1) active cytotoxic t-cells

seeks and destroy cells infected with foreign antigens

2) memory t-cell

retain a “memory” of particular antigen to produce rapid response if person is re-exposed

33
Q

what are some components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymph vessels going towards heart
  • lymph nodes (where immune cells lives)
  • no pump = movement of lymph due to muscular contractions
  • plasma
  • interstitial fluid

**all fluids esentially the same since flowing through eachother**

34
Q

what are the 2 principle components of antimicrobial proteins?

A

1) interferon - makes cells resistant to virus (bind to cells)
2) complement- attahes to virus to attract phagocytosis cell to eat it

35
Q

what are some examples of internal defenses?

A

1) antimicrobial proteins
2) phagocytosis
3) inflammation

36
Q

what is meant by adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes has to look at infectionage agent through phagocytosis cell before starting adaptive immune response

37
Q

what do activated helper cells differentiate into?

A

1) enhance immune system by secreting chemicals
2) memory t-cells

38
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

1) drains excess interstitial fluid:

one way transport system

2) protects against invasion through immune responses:

lymph passes through nodes containing WBC

3) transport dietary lipids and some vitamins

39
Q

specify the ways that antibodies destroy or inactivate a foreign substance in the body

A

1) direct opsonization (attractes)
2) indirect opsonization (clumps)
3) neutralizes antigen and pathogen
4) activate the complement system
5) immobillizing- harder for bacteria to spread
6) activation of anaphylactic system

40
Q

what are the importances of cellular response?

A
  • t-cells only respond to processed fragments of antigen displayed on the surface of APC
  • best suited for cell-to-cell inteactions and targets:
    1) cells infecte with viruses
    2) abmornal or cancerous cells
    3) cells of foreign tissue
41
Q

what is the role of macrophage?

A

part of phagocytosis that roam throughout the body at common sites where pathogens will enter the body

ex: skin

lungs/mucous membranes

intenstine

42
Q

what are the 2 categories of lymphocytes involved with immunity?

A

1) b-lymphocytes (B-Cells)
2) T-lymphocytes (T-cells)

BIOL 1209 (11 decks)

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