Resistance & Immunity 1 Flashcards
what are some different types of innate defences?
1) external defenses
2) Internal defence
what are the actions of t-cells?
- during maturation, they develop immunocompetence and immunotolerance (self vs. non-self)
- migrate to lymphatic tissues
where are lymphocytes (T/Bcells) made?
bone marrow
Killer cells that are trained what to attack
what is antimicrobial proteins?
proteins present in plasma or produced by infected cells
what do b-cells difrentiate into?
plasma cells
memory b-cells
how does antigen-antibody complex destroy foreign substance in the body?
fixes and activates complement which enhances
1) phagocytosis
2) inflammation
what is the difference of a circulatory vs lymphatic system?
cirulatory = circuit
lymphatic = one way
what are the differences of B-cells and T-cells?
B-cells:
- attacks outside cells
- stays in bone marrow
- become plasma cells which produce antibodies
- humoral immunity (present in circulation)
T-cells:
- attacks inside cells
- travels to chest region (thymus)
- does not produce antibodies (kills directly)
- develops certain T-cells to attack specific pathogens
- cellular immunity
what is composed of the lymphatic system?
- when plasma leaves the capillary, most is returned
- 15% remains in tissues as part of interstitial fluid
- 15% more blood in arteries than veins
what is the use of a fever?
- intensifies the effect of phagocytosis
- inhibits virus growth due to high temp.
what are the different leucocyte counts?
neutrophils = 60-70%
leukocytes = 20-25%
monocytes = 3=8%
Eosinphils = 2-4%
Basophils = 0.5-1%
changes in these can help diagnose a problem
what are macrophages?
antigen presenting “messenger” cells that stimulate T & B cells
what is the phogocytic cell that initiate the process of adaptive immunity?
antigen presenting cells
what are the functions of plasma cells?
- leave the lymph node and enter the general circulation (secreting antibody)
- produces the specific antibody against the foreign antigen
- antibodies released into plasma are circulated around the body
- antibodies attach to and inactivate the foreign antigen
what is the passage through the lymphatic system?
right lymphatic duct
right subclavian duct (goes through right atrium of heart)
thoracic duct
left subclavian vein
goes to vena cava to put lymph back in circulation
what is the use of inflammation?
- localized response
- vasodilation
- blood vessels more permeable making WBC move out & quicker
- WBC releases compounds which causes swelling
what are the actions of b-cells?
- develop immunocompetence and immunotolerance (self vs. non-self)
- ability to carry out specific immune responses
- more concentrated in the lymphatic tissues (nodes)
what are examples of external defenses?
skin & mucous membranes
Body secretions:
mucous
gastric juice
tears
saliva
sweat & oil
what are the differences of innate and adaptive defence?
innate:
- not selective w/resistance (same plan to attack everytime)
- protective mechanisms are common to all people
- first line of defence
- initial and immediately available
Adaptive:
- different respone from person to person
- protective mechanisms directed and tailored to a specific threat
- second (specific) line of defence
- slower response
what are the 5 types of antibodies?
1) IgG - most common
2) IgA - mucous membranes
3) IgD- immunological
4) IgE- killing of worm parasites/allergic reactions
what happens once antibody production stops?
- both plasma and memory cells retain a “memory” of foreign antigen
- when body is re-infected, the response is rapid and the person is actively immune to that disease
what do t-cells divide/differentiate into?
1) cytotoxic t-cells
2) helper t-cells
what types of cells are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
1) dendrite cells
2) marophages
3) activated B cells
what are the 2 major lines of defence?
innate (inherited)
adaptive
what happens to the “lost” fluid?
restored to the irculatory system via the lymphatic system
what are antigens?
anything that stimulates your immune response
how does lymph drain back into the blood?
through ducts that open into the subclavian veins
**blood volume is restored before the blood enters the heart**
what are the differences of cellular vs humoral immunity?
cellular:
- production of cytotoxic t-cells
- effective against intracellular pathogens
humoral:
- production of antibodies (immunoglobins) that react with an antigen
- works against extracellular pathogens
what are 2 characteristics of antigens?
1) immunogenicity - react to immune system
2) reactivity - can react to certain antibodies when needed
- certain small parts of large antigen molecole triggers response (epitope/antign)
how do antigen-antibody complex inactivate foreign substance in the body?
- neutralization (masks)
- aggulation (cell bound)
- precipitation (soluble)
what is immunity?
the function of lymphocytes, found mainly in the lymphatic system
what do cytotoxic t-cells divide/differentiates into?
1) active cytotoxic t-cells
seeks and destroy cells infected with foreign antigens
2) memory t-cell
retain a “memory” of particular antigen to produce rapid response if person is re-exposed
what are some components of the lymphatic system?
- lymph vessels going towards heart
- lymph nodes (where immune cells lives)
- no pump = movement of lymph due to muscular contractions
- plasma
- interstitial fluid
**all fluids esentially the same since flowing through eachother**
what are the 2 principle components of antimicrobial proteins?
1) interferon - makes cells resistant to virus (bind to cells)
2) complement- attahes to virus to attract phagocytosis cell to eat it
what are some examples of internal defenses?
1) antimicrobial proteins
2) phagocytosis
3) inflammation
what is meant by adaptive immunity?
lymphocytes has to look at infectionage agent through phagocytosis cell before starting adaptive immune response
what do activated helper cells differentiate into?
1) enhance immune system by secreting chemicals
2) memory t-cells
what are the functions of the lymphatic system?
1) drains excess interstitial fluid:
one way transport system
2) protects against invasion through immune responses:
lymph passes through nodes containing WBC
3) transport dietary lipids and some vitamins
specify the ways that antibodies destroy or inactivate a foreign substance in the body
1) direct opsonization (attractes)
2) indirect opsonization (clumps)
3) neutralizes antigen and pathogen
4) activate the complement system
5) immobillizing- harder for bacteria to spread
6) activation of anaphylactic system
what are the importances of cellular response?
- t-cells only respond to processed fragments of antigen displayed on the surface of APC
- best suited for cell-to-cell inteactions and targets:
1) cells infecte with viruses
2) abmornal or cancerous cells
3) cells of foreign tissue
what is the role of macrophage?
part of phagocytosis that roam throughout the body at common sites where pathogens will enter the body
ex: skin
lungs/mucous membranes
intenstine
what are the 2 categories of lymphocytes involved with immunity?
1) b-lymphocytes (B-Cells)
2) T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
