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BIOL 1209 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

why do we need a ciculatory system?

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • delivers nutrients & O2 to the cells
  • Removes waste materials
  • Distributes hormones etc.
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2
Q

what are the 3 major components of the circulatory system?

A
  • blood
  • blood vessels
  • heart
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3
Q

what is blood and how is it pumped?

A

the fluid portion of the ciculatory system

pumped by the heart throughout the body via blood vessels, arteries, capillaries and veins

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4
Q

what are the principle functions of blood?

A

1) transportation

(O2, CO2, nutrients, horomes, wastes)

2) Regulatory

(pH, temperature, osmosis)

3) Protection & defense

(Phagocytosis, clotting)

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5
Q

how much blood does an average human have?

A

6 Litres

approx 7-8% of our body weight

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6
Q

how can the different components of blood be separated?

A

Centrifugation

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7
Q

what are the 2 major components of blood?

A

1) fluid
2) cullular

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8
Q

what does the fluid component of blood contain?

A
  • water
  • ions
  • plasma proteins
  • antibodies (immunoglobulins)

**white part)

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9
Q

what components are in the cellular part of blood?

A
  • erythrocytes (RBC)
  • Leukocytes (WBC)
  • platelets (fragment of cells)
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10
Q

how many red blood cells do we have per uL of blood?

A

5-6 million

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11
Q

how many white blood cells do we have per uL of blood?

A

5000-10000

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12
Q

what is the shape of a red blood cell and why is it like that?

A
  • bi-concave discs packed with haemoglobin (carries the O2), no nucleus
  • concave to add more surface area
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13
Q

how are the 4 white blood cells formed? (leukocytes)

A
  • hemocytoblast = stem cell
  • myeloid stem cell
  • monoblast - monocyte
  • myeloblast - eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil
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14
Q

how is lymph produced?

A
  • multipotent (pleuripotent stem cell)
  • lymphoid stem cell
  • small lymphocyte
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15
Q

what stimulates erythrocyte production?

A
  • low oxygen supply
  • hormone erythropoietin (RBC production) from kidney to stimulate red bone marrow
  • haemopoeisis = blood production

negative feedback loop

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16
Q

what is the feedback loop to maintain homeostasis for production of erythrocytes?

A

1) stimulus: hypoxia = inadequate o2 delivery
2) kidney releases erythropoietin
3) erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
4) enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count
5) blood raises = o2 count raises

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17
Q

what stem cell does leucocytes originate from?

A

myeloid

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18
Q

how much of the total blood volume does leucocytes make up?

A

1 %

5000-10000 uL

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19
Q

how long do leucocytes generally live for?

A

few days

lymphocytes= months or years

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20
Q

what is the function of leucocytes?

A

combat invaders by phagocytosis

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21
Q

what are the 5 laucocytes and their percentages?

A

1) neutrophils 60-70%
2) lymphocytes 20-25%
3) monocytes 3-8%
4) eosinophils 2-4%
5) basophils 0.5-1 %

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22
Q

what does “never let monkeys eat bananas” stand for?

A

N- neutrophil

L- lymphocyte

M- Monocyte

E- Eosinphil

B- Basophil

MOST- LEAST NUMEROUS

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23
Q

what are measured for diagnostic purposes?

A

the total number of circulating WBS

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24
Q

what is leucocytosis?

A

any WBC count over 10,000/uL

indicates an infectious process/cancer

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25
Q

what is leucopenia

A

any WBC count under 5000/uL

indicates severe diesease (AIDS, chemotherapy)

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26
Q

what is stimulated when there are acute bacterial infections?

A

increase neutrophils

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27
Q

what is stimulated when there are chronic infections?

A

ncrease monocytes

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28
Q

what is stimulated when there are viral infections

A

increase lymphocytes and monocytes

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29
Q

what is stimulated when there are allergic reactions?

A

increase eosinophils and basophils

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30
Q

what is stimulated when ther is parasitic infestation?

A

increase eosinophils

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31
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

protein on red blood cells that oxygen binds to

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32
Q

what is the hemoglobin (Hb) test?

A

when the blood is hemolysed (broken down) to release hemoglobin, the intensity of the red colour of the resultant fluis is compared to standards

Normal range is 12-18 g/100 mls of blood

(12-18% by weight)

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33
Q

how much plasma is in the whole body?

A

55% of whole blood

least dense

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34
Q

what is the percentage of buffy coat in blood?

A

under 1%

leukocytes and platelets

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35
Q

what percentage are erythrocytes in blood?

A

45% of whole blood

most dense component

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36
Q

how do you calculate hematocrit value?

A

volume of red blood cells (mm) / total sample volume (mm)

ex: RBC volume - 40 mm

Total sample volume= 100 mm

Haematocrit value = 40%

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37
Q

what are the normal values for hematocrit determination?

A

males: 40-54% (av. 47%)

Females: 38-46% (av. 42%)

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38
Q

why do males have a higher percent range for hematocrit determination?

A

due to higher levels of testosterone

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39
Q

why do females have lower percentages for hematrocrit determination?

A

due to lower testosterone levels and menstral blood loss

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40
Q

what is anaemia?

A

lower than normal values for hematocrit determination

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41
Q

what is polycythaemia?

A

higher than normal values for hematocrit determination

more RBC

42
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

to limit blood loss

43
Q

how are platelets formed?

A

thrombopietin stimulates megakaryocytes to break down to platelets

44
Q

how does blood get thick?

A

by the number of erythrocytes

albumins (proteins) - 55% of plasma proteins

where albium goes, water follows

45
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

the reduction and stoppage of blood loss from a damaged blood vessel

46
Q

what are the three mechanisms for hemostasis?

A

1) vascular spasm
2) platelet plug formation
3) blood clotting (coagulation)

47
Q

what is vascular spasm?

A

blood vessel contraction to make break smaller

first response of a damaged artery

48
Q

how does vascular spasms work?

A

smooth muscles contract in the walls of a cut blood vessel to reduce blood flow/loss.

effective for up to 30 minutes

49
Q

how does platelet plug formations work?

A

1) platelets stick to collagen fibres that are exposed when the tear happens
2) platelets become activated and swell, projects and becomes sticky, forming a platelet plug.

**after muscles contract in blood vessels**

50
Q

what happens to blood when it is removed from the body?

A

thickens and forms a gel

51
Q

what is serum?

A

plasma-clotting proteins

52
Q

what are the two main clotting pathways?

A

extrinsic

intrinsic

53
Q

what is extrinsic pathway?

A

when there is tissue damage with bleeding causing rapid clotting formation

blood leaves blood vessel

54
Q

what is intrinsic pathway?

A

damage to the inside of the blood vessel resultin gin slow clot formation

no blood leaves the blood vessel

55
Q

what are the steps for the extrinsic pathway?

A

1) tissue is damaged with bleeding
2) damagaed tissues and platelets release thromboplastin into the blood
3) thromboplastin converts a plasma protein (factor x) into prothrombinase (NEEDS CALCIUM)
4) prothrombinase turns into prothrombin
5) prothrombin releases thrombin
6) thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin (net like structure)

56
Q

what is fibrin?

A

net like structure that surrounds the wound, trapping platelets and RBC

57
Q

what are the steps fo the intrinsic pathway?

A

1) damage exposes connective tissue of blood vessel
2) platelets attract to site of damage and release platelet factor 3 (PF3) into blood
3) pf3 activated factor XII
4) factor XII converts to factor X
5) calcium helps convert factor X to prothrombinase
6) prothrombinase turns into prothrombin
7) prothrombin convertd to thrombin
8) active prothrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin (net like structure)

58
Q

what happens in hemostasis?

A
  • clot retraction
  • as clot retracts, it pulls the edges of the damaged vessel closer together
  • decreases risk of further damage
  • endothelial cells and repair vessel lining
59
Q

what are three disorders of hemostasis?

A

thrombus

embolus

haemophilia

60
Q

what is thrombus?

A

blood clot in an unbroken blood vessel

AKA heart attack

61
Q

what is embolus?

A

any piece of cell debris carried by the blood flow

can block smaller blood vessels

62
Q

what is haemophilia?

A

genetic definciency in the production of clotting factors

blood cant clot

63
Q

how is there prevention of blood clotting?

A

blood clotting factors circulate in an inactive form (needs an injury to activate them)

64
Q

what are anticoagulants?

A

chemical inhibitors of blood clotting

65
Q

how does rapid initiation and progression of blood clotting work?

A

positive feedback

thrombin is formed which stimulates the production of more thrombin (main enzyme of blood clotting)

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

66
Q

how does thrombin convert fibrogen to fibrin?

A

1) activating more platelets
2) stimulating production of more prothrombinase

67
Q

why doesn’t clotting spread?

A

no active thrombin is set loose in the bloodstream

thrombin not absorbed to fibrin is inactivated by anti-thrombin

heparin also inhibits thrombin activity

68
Q

what degrades fibrin?

A

plasmin

69
Q

what is the importance of vitamin K?

A
  • stimulates the liver to produce prothrombin and other clotting factors
  • vitamin K definciency causes bruising and prolonged bleeding
70
Q

what are anticoagulant drugs?

A

drugs that delay or prevent undesirable blood clots

ex: aspirin

71
Q

what are thrombolytic agents?

A

substances that help dissolve blood clots once they have formed

works by activating plasminogen to plasin

(when already had heart attack)

72
Q

where is the heart located?

A

in the mediastinum

area from the sternum to the vertebral column and in between lungs

2/3 is left midline of body (from anatomical position)

73
Q

what is the pericardium and where is it located?

A

tough, dense irregular connective tissue that protects and anchors the heart

surrounding the heart

74
Q

what is the serous pericardium and what are the 2 sections ?

A

fluid in between

1) parietal layer- fused to fibrous pericardium
2) visceal layer (epicardium)

75
Q

where is the pericardial cavity located?

A

between the parietal and visceral pericardium

contains pericardial fluid to reduce friction

76
Q

what are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

1) epicardium
2) myocardium
3) endocardium

77
Q

epicardium facts

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium

78
Q

myocardium facts

A

muscle of the heart

95% of heart is cardiac muscle

the contracting, muscular layer of the heart

79
Q

endocardium facts

A

endothelial layer

continuous with lining of large blood vessels

80
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

arteries

veins

capillaries

81
Q

what are arteries?

A

carry blood away from the heart

82
Q

what are veins?

A

carry blood towards heart

83
Q

what are capillaries?

A

connects arteries to veins

84
Q

what is the atria?

A

part of the heart that receives blood from veins

85
Q

what are ventricles?

A

part of the heart that pumps blood out from the heart

86
Q

what is double circulation?

A

all of blood flowing from lungs to body

87
Q

what are the two veins that all blood enters from and which side?

A

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

88
Q

what are the three sources that the atrium receives blood from?

A

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

heart

89
Q

how does blood leave the right atrium?

A

trincuspid valve (flap)

90
Q

what is the flow of blood from right atrium to lungs?

A

right atrium

tricuspid valve

right ventricle

lungs

91
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves? (AV valves)

A

valves that open to allow blood flow from atria to ventricles

happens when ventricles are relaxed

chorsae tendineae are slack and papillary muscles are relaxed

prevents back flow to atrium

92
Q

where does the atrium get its blood from?

A

the 4 pulimonary veings from the lungs

93
Q

what does blood leave through to get to left atrium?

A

bicuspid valve to left ventricle

94
Q

what is the flow of blood through left side ?

A

left atrium

left ventricle

aorta

rest of body

95
Q

what are semi-lunar valves?

A

valves that open with ventricular contraction

allows blood to flow into pulmonary trunk and aorta

96
Q

when and why do the semi-lunar valves close?

A

close with ventricular relaxation

prevent blood from returning to ventricles

97
Q

why is there a thickness of hart chamber walls?

A

due to distance

  • right ventricle pumps blood to lungs = shorter distance
  • left ventricle pumps blood to body = longer distance
98
Q

what does the left coronary artery do?

A

distributes blood to left side of heart, left atrium and ventricle, and interventricular septum

99
Q

what does the right coronary artery do?

A

generally serves the right atrium and ventricle

100
Q

what do coronary veins do?

A

direct blood to a large vein (coronary sinus) to emprty into the right atrium

BIOL 1209 (11 decks)

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