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BIOL 1209 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the the major components of the human respiratory system?

A

1) Nasal cavity
2) larynx
3) trachea
4) Bronchial Tree
5) Alveoli

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2
Q

what is the function and location of the nasal cavity?

A

Function:

  • Providing an airway for respiration
  • Moistening and warming the entering air
  • Filtering inspired air

Location: back of nostril

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3
Q

what is the function and location of the larynx?

A

Function: seperation of food and air way, voicebox

Location: above trachea

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4
Q

where is the trachea located?

A

belown larynx and above bronchi

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5
Q

what are the parts of the bronchial tree and where are they located?

A

1) left/right primary bronchus
2) left/right secondary bronchus
3) tertiary bronchi
4) bronchioles
5) terminal bronchioles
6) respiratory bronchioles

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6
Q

what is below the bronchial tree?

A

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs composed of alveoli

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7
Q

how much alveoli do we have and what does it contain?

A

approx. 300 million

has extensive network of capillaries

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8
Q

what is the structure of an alveoli?

A

thin walls so o2 and co2 can change places

epithelial cells

flattened shape

some have macrophages

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9
Q

what is the mechanism of ventilation (breathing)?

A

the process of getting o2 rich air into the lungs and co2 out of the lungs

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10
Q

where are lungs located?

A

in the thoracic cavity

surrounded by the ribs and seperated from the abdomen by the diaphragm

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11
Q

what are the 2 membranes that the lungs are surrounded by?

A

the pleural membranes

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12
Q

what consists of the pleural membranes?

A

1) parietal pleura
2) visceral pleura

seperated by a fluid filled cavity = pleural cavity

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13
Q

what are the functions of the fluid in the pleural cavity?

A

1) lubrication
2) holds the 2 membranes together

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14
Q

what does forced exhalation involve?

A

relaxation/ contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

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15
Q

what happens to the chest, lungs and diaphragm with inhalation?

A

chest = increase volume

lungs = decreases pressure

diaphragm = contracts & moves downward

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16
Q

what happens to the chest, lungs and diaphragm with exhalation?

A

chest = decrease of volume

Lungs= increase of pressure

diaphragm = relaxes and moves up

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17
Q

what are the sequence of events for inspiration?

A

1) inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm lowers)

rib cage lifts up and out

2) thoracic cavity volume increases
3) lunges streches, intrapulmonary volume increases
4) intrapulmonary pressure drops
5) air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient

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18
Q

what is the sequence of events for expiration?

A

1) inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises)

rib cage down and back

2) thoracic cavity volume decreases
3) elastic lungs recoil passively

intrapulmonary voume decreases

4) intrapulmonary pressure rises
5) air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient

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19
Q

what is breathing regualted by?

A

the breathing control centres

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20
Q

where are the breathing control crentres located?

A

pons and medulla region in brain

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21
Q

what is the medulla function (inspiratory centre) for breathing?

A
  • normal inspiration
  • sends impulses to inspiratory muscles every few seconds
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22
Q

what is the function of the medulla for the expiratory centre?

A
  • only active during exercise
  • activated by inspiratory area
  • stimulates expiratory muscles to cause forceful exhalation
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23
Q

what is active/inactive in the inspiratory area with normal breathing?

A

Active:

2 seconds

diaphragm ad external intercostals contract

normal quiet inhalation

Inactive:

3 seconds

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax

normal quiet exhalation

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24
Q

what happens during forceful breathing?

A

inspiratory area active:

diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, and scalene contract

forceful inhalation

expiratory area:

internal intercostal and abdominal muscles contract

forceful exhalation

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25
Q

what are the 2 areas of pons?

A

1) pneumotaxic ares
2) apneustic area

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26
Q

what is the function of the pneumotaxic area of pons?

A
  • sends inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area to shorten inspiratory period

prevents lungs from overfilling

AKA shortens length of breath

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27
Q

what is the function of the apneustic area of pons?

A
  • send inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area to lengthen the inspiratory period
  • occurs when oxygen levels are lower than normal (high altitude)

AKA lengthens breath

28
Q

what is the hering-breuer reflex?

A

prevents lungs from over-inflating

29
Q

how does the hering-breuer reflex work?

A
  • stimulates stretch lining in lining of lungs which signals to the brain
  • the signals inhibit both inspiratory area and apneustic area
  • inspiration stops
30
Q

what is the function of chemoreceptors?

A

constantly measure O2 and CO2 concentrations

31
Q

where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

medulla oblongata

32
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

aortic bodies

carotid bodies

33
Q

how is maintenance of normal o2 and co2 levels contained?

A

negative feedback

34
Q

what is the negative feedback loop for cemical changes disrupting homeostasis?

A

Stimulus: increase of aterial blood PCO2

Receptor: central chemoreceptors in medulla + peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic/cartoid bodies sends nerve impulses

Control centre: inspiratory area in medulla oblongata sends nerve impulses

Effector: muscles of inhalation and exhalation contact more forcefully/more frequently (hyperventilation)

Response: decrease in arterial blood PCO2, increase in pH and PO2

35
Q

what is a spinogram?

A

a chart that shows how much air is taken in

36
Q

what is the tidal volume in a spirogram?

A

the volume breathed in/out while at rest

approx. 500 ml

37
Q

what is the expiratory reserve volume in a spirogram?

A

the max volume of air that can be forced out after normal exhalation

1000 ml

38
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume in a spirogram?

A

the max volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation

3000 ml

39
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

max volume of air that can be exhaled after max inhalation

4500 ml

40
Q

what is residual volume in a spirogram?

A

volume of air remaining in lung after max exhalation

1500 ml

41
Q

what is the total lung capicity in a spirogram?

A

total volume of air the lungs are capable of holding

6000 ml

42
Q

what is dead air space in spirogram?

A

air that never enters the aveoli but remains in air passageways (stays in ducts)

150 ml

43
Q

how does oxygen get into the blood?

A

co2 and o2 goes through capillaries

diffuses into alveolus through concentration gradient

44
Q

how is all of the oxygen carried into blood?

A

haemoglobin (iron containing protein in RBD)

45
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin?

A

when oxygen binds to hemoglobin

46
Q

how does oxygen get from the blood to the cell & how does CO2 get from the cell to the lungs?

A

1) o2 enters blood through diffusion (98.5%)
2) oxygen is transported as oxyhemoglobin to capillaries
3) the oxygen from capillaries is released from haemoglobin due to acidity of co2 and enters tissue cells by diffusion
4) approx. 23% of co2 is combined with globin part of hemoglobin through diffusion
5) approx. 7% of co2 is dissolved in plasma
6) approx 70% of co2 attracts with h2o to form bicarbonate (GOES TO LUNGS)
7) co2 leaves blood by diffusion

47
Q

what are the precentages of o2 transported by hemoglobin?

A

98.5%

48
Q

what is the percentage of o2 dissolved in plasma?

A

1.5%

49
Q

what is the percentage of CO2 transported by hemoglobin?

A

23%

50
Q

what is the percentage of CO2 dissolved in plasma?

A

7%

51
Q

what is the percentage of CO2 that transports as bicarbonate?

A

70%

52
Q

what are the 5 respiratory patterns?

A

1) eupnoea
2) dyspnoea
3) tachypnoea
4) hyperpnoea
5) apnoea

53
Q

what is eupnoea?

A

normal breathing

54
Q

what is dyspnoea?

A

difficult breathing

55
Q

what is tachypnoea?

A

fast breathing

ex: anxiety

56
Q

what is hyperpnoea?

A

deep breathing

ex: high altitudes

57
Q

what is apnoea?

A

lack of breathing

ex: drugs, trauma

58
Q

what is hyperventalation?

A

increased rate and/or depth of breathing

59
Q

what are respiratory and non-respiratory causes of hyperventilation?

A

respiratory:

asthma

non-respiratory:

exercise

fever

60
Q

what are the consequences of hyperventilation?

A

hypocapnia

blown out all og CO2 which causes o2 to not bind off = no o2 to the brain

61
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

reduced oxygen supply to body tissues

62
Q

what are internal/ enternal causes of hypoxia?

A

internal:

functional deficit in body system

ex: lung problems, heart problems, or circulatory system

external:

low oxygen levels in the environment

ex: high altitudes

63
Q

what are the physiological consequences of hypoxia?

A

cyanosis

tachycardia

dizziness

64
Q

what is cyanosis?

A

bluish skin colour due to an accumulation of non-oxygenated blood

65
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

increase in heart rate

66
Q

what is the cause od dizzyness?

A

insufficient oxygen supply to the brain

BIOL 1209 (11 decks)

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