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BIOL 1209 > Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is energy metabolism?

A

the combined process of energy storage and energy production from various nutrient sources

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2
Q

what is the most energy demanding organ?

A

brain

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3
Q

how many grams of glucose does the body use each day and how many of those grams are used by the brain?

A

160g total

120g used by brain

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4
Q

what happens when there is too much glucose?

A

glycolysis

glycogenesis

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5
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

converts glucose to puruvic acid

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6
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

combines glucose to form glycogen

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7
Q

what happens when glucose is low?

A

glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis

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8
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

hydrolyses glycogen to glucose monomers

(chemicall breaks down glycogen)

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9
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

forming glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors

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10
Q

what are some other sources used for gluconeogenesis?

A

lactate

glycerol

amino acids

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11
Q

what becomes the major source of ATP production when glucose levels fall?

A

fatty acids

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12
Q

what tissues uses fatty acids overy glucose for ATP production?

A

liver

cardiac muscle

resting skeletal muscle

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13
Q

why can’t the brain use fatty acids directly?

A

due to blood brain barrier

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14
Q

what is a blood brain barrier?

A

a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue

blocks certain substances

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15
Q

what is the process involved in lipid metabolism when glucose levels fall?

A

1) triglycerides undergo lypolysis (breaking down of glyceryol and fatty acids)
2) glycerol that has been broken off from fatty acids can be used in gluconeogenesis to make glucose
3) fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA molecules

(beta-oxidation)

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16
Q

what is beta-oxidation?

A

the breaking of the fatty acid bonds, between the 2nd and 3rd chain to produce aceytol-CoA molecules to enter kreb’s cycle

17
Q

what can happen in the liver?

A

gluconeogenisis

18
Q

what is involved for the main reaction in gluconeogenisis?

A

oxaloacetate

19
Q

what is oxaloacetate?

A

4 carbon compond that acetyol CoA binds to

used in liver for gluconeogeneisis

20
Q

what happens under extended fasting?

A

all of the oxaloacetate from the kreb’s cycle is shunted toward gluconeogenesis

= acetyl CoA produced from fatty acids have no where to go

21
Q

what happens when there is an excess of acetyl CoA?

A

production of ketone bodies by the liver

22
Q

what are the 3 ketone bodies produced?

A

1) acetoacetate
2) 3-hydroxybutyrate
3) acetone

produced by 2 acetyol CoA combining together

23
Q

what is the process of ketone bodies to other body parts?

A
  • ketone bodies leave the liver and gets transported to other tissues in the body (brain)
  • when arrived at tissues, they are converted back to acetyol CoA and used for energy

(except fot acetone)

24
Q

why is ketone body production important?

A

minimize gluconeogenesis

save protein catabolism

25
Q

what happens with an accumulation of ketone bodies?

A

increases acidity of the blood = ketoacidosis

26
Q

what is ketoacidosis?

A

too much accumulation of ketone bodies that increases the acidity in the blood

can be deadly

27
Q

what can ketoaidosis be a result of?

A

starvation

lack of carbs

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

28
Q

what does deaminated mean?

A

the removal of amino froup from amino acid to change CO2 to urea in the liver

29
Q

what happens when there is an excess of amino acids?

A

becomes deaminated

30
Q

what is the carbon skeleton used for?

A

cellular respiration

lipid production

gluconeogenesis

31
Q

what happens to amino acid during fasting?

A

amino acid catabolism provides oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis

32
Q

what minimalizes amino acid catabolism?

A

use fo fatty acids and ketone bodies

BIOL 1209 (11 decks)

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