Cardiovascular System 2 Flashcards
why don’t all cardiac muscles need a nerve to contract?
because of the intertwining look
when 1 section of cardiac muscle contracts it stimulate whole muscle
what is a pacemaker?
clectrical signal to beat every 1/4 second = control of the heart beat
where is the pacemaker located?
in the right atrium
what are the steps to control the heartbeat?
1) pacemaker generates a signal to contract, spreading to both atria
2) both atria contract simultaneously
- signal from SA node stimulates AV node
3) AV fires and transfers through branches to apex of heart
4) ventricle contraction starts at apex and spreads to rest of ventricle via purkinue fibres
what is the cardiac conduction system ?
a collection of nodes and specialised conduction cells that initiate and co-ordinate contraction of the heart muscle
what does the conduction system consist of?
1) sinoatrial node (SA node)
2) atrioventricular node (AV node)
3) atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle)
4) Purkinje fibres (deep in ventricles)
what is involved in the pumping action (heart beat)?
- periods of contraction (systole)
alternating with
- periods of relaxation (diastole)
what is systole?
periods of contraction when the heart beats
what is diastole?
periods of relaxation when the heart beats
what is a cardiac cycle?
the continual rhythmical contraction and relaxation of the heart
each cycle takes approx 1 second
what is the sound we hear when using a stethascope?
the valves closing
what does a single heart beat involve?
1) contraction/relaxation of both atria
2) contraction/relaxation of both ventricles
describe the cardiac cycle
1) all 4 chambers are relaxed (diastole)
- semilunar valves close to prevent backflow “dubb” sound
2) atrial systole/ventricular diastole
- atrial contraction forces blood into ventricles, filling/stretching them
3) ventricular systole/atrial diastole
- atria relaxes and begins to fill with blood flowing from veins
4) ventricles contract, increased pressure forces AV valves closed “lubb” sound
5) blood is forced through semilunar valves into the arteries
what is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
recording electrical activity and charting it
AKA getting heatr pattern
what is the sequence of depolarization/repolarization of the heart of an ECG tracing?
1) atrial depolarization initiated by SA node causes P wave
2) impulse delayed at the AV node
3) ventricular depolarization begins at apex (QRS complex)
4) venticular depolarization is complete
5) ventricular repolarization begins at apex (T wave)
6) ventricular repolarization is complete
what control does the heart have for beating?
intrinsic
what other factors influence heart rate?
1) autonomic nervous system
ex: change in blood pressure
O2/CO2 levels
2) chemical regulation
ex: hormones, ionic blood composition
3) body temperature
ex: elevated = increase HR
lower = decrease HR
what is the structure of blood vessels?
ARTERIES
1) tunica externa
2) tunica media
3) tunica interior
4) thick layer of muscle
5) thick layer of elastic connective tissue
VEINS
1) valves
2) thinner layer of muscle
CAPILLARIES
- pickup waste products
what is the structure of artery and vein?
- squamous endothelial cells
- layer of smooth muscle
- elastic connective tissue
- valve in veins
what is the structure of a capillary?
- extremely thin blood vessels
- only one cell can pass at a time for most
- 3 different types called “continuous capillaries”
what are capillilary leaks?
when some plasma leaves the blood
what is blood pressure?
the pressure exerted on the arterial walls due to contraction of the ventricles
what are the 2 readings we get with blood pressure?
1) systolic pressure (ventricle contaction)
2) dyastolic pressure (ventricle relaxation)
what is the normal average resting values for blood pressure?
male 120/80 mmHg
Female = 7-10 mmHg lower
what are some factors that affect blood pressure?
1) heart rate
2) strength of contraction
3) blood volume
4) blood vessel resistance (diameter of blood vessel)
5) blood viscosity (thickness
where in the body can the pulse be felt?
1) radial artery
2) cartoid artery
3) temporal artery
4) femoral artery
