Week 1 stuff Flashcards
What’s pharmakodynamics?
What drug does to the body
What are the ways drugs act?
Replace or act as missing substitute of chemicals
Increase or stimulate certain cellular activities
Depress or slow cell activities
Interfere w functioning of foreign cells
Means through which drugs act
Receptor sites
Drug- enzyme interactions
Selective toxicity
What drugs would interact with receptor sites?
Agonists
Noncompetitive and competitive antagonists
Partial agonists
What’s pharmakokinetics?
How drug travels through body
What are the aspects of pharmakokinetics?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
What are the various processes of absorption?
Passive diffusion
Active transport
Filtration
What’s passive diffusion?
If there’s greater concentration of one drug on one side of a cell membrane then the drug will move through the membrane to area of lower concentration
Requires no cell energy
What is distribution?
Movement of a drug to body tissues
Many drugs are bound to what?
Bound to proteins and not lipid soluble
This can make it unable to cross blood brain barrier
What is the most important site for metabolism?
Liver lol
What is the first pass effect?
Drugs taken orally get absorbed in GI tract to portal venous system
Drug taken to liver by portal vein
Liver enzymes break it down
Portion of the drug gets sent to circulatory system
What’s the hepatic enzyme system?
Similar to first pass effect
This has enzymes that break down the drug and also has enzymes that modify it to be easier to excrete
What is the most important part in excretion?
Kidneys
What is glomerular filtration?
Passage of water and water soluble components from the plasma into renal tubule
Pretty much the process by which kidneys filter waste and excess fluid in the blood to urine
What are the controlled substances?
1: High abuse potential and no medical benefits
2: High abuse potential w severe dependence liability
3: Less abuse potential and moderate dependence liability (Anabolic steroids, Test)
4: Less abuse potential and limited dependence liabillity (Xanax)
5: Limited abuse potential (Codeine)
What are the categories of pregnancy drugs?
Category A: No damage to fetus (Ex: Folic acid)
Category B: Either animal studies show no risk and there’s no well known tests for humans; or animal studies show a risk but humans show no risks (Ex: amoxicillin)
Category C: Potential risk; animal studies show adverse effects, but no human studies are available
Category D: Evidence of fetal risk but the benefits outweigh the risks (Lithium)
Category X: NOT SAFE for pregnancy (Accutane, warfarin)
What are orphan drugs?
Drugs that treat rare diseases but are not profitable for companies to adopt
May have potentially dangerous side effects
What are HMO’s and why might people get them?
They are less expensive than traditional insurance
They don’t have much choice when it comes to which providers to use
Why is home care growing?
Pt’s being discharged earlier
Costs are getting expensive and people wanna go home
What are vitamins?
Organic substances that are needed for growth and nutrition
Usually not made in body so must be consumed in diet
Must be obtained from animal and vegetable tissues taken in as food
Either water or fat soluble
What are minerals?
Natrually occurring inorganic substances
Ex: Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, chromium, copper, fluoride
Some are also electrolytes
What is integrative health?
Encourages multimodal interventions including both conventional and complementary approaches
Focuses on imrovement of health as opposed to treatment of disease
Oral route of med barriers?
Meds go through the first pass effect
Absorption patter varies
Sublingual route of med barriers?
Swallowing before dissolution is not good and allows stomach acids to inactivate the medication
Absorption patters in quick
Bypasses first pass effect
Intraderal/ Topic route of med barriers?
Close proximity of epidermal cells
Absorption is slow and gradual
What can influence distribution of drug in the body?
Circulation: Conditions that affect blood flow or perfusion like cardiac disease
Permeability of cell membrane: Meds that are lipid soluble or have active transport can cross blood brain barrier and into the placenta
Plasma protein binding: Ability of a med to bind w a protein can affect how much of the med will leave and travel to target tissue; two meds can compete for same binding site and lead to toxicity
What can affect metabolism?
Age: Older adults require less of a dose compared to younger peeps
Increase of some medication metabolizing enzymes: Can metabolize a particular medication sooner which requires increase dosage
First pass effect
Similar metabolic pathways
Nutritional Status: Malnourishment can be deficient in the factors necessary to produce specific metabolizing enzymes
What’s therapeutic index?
The dose of a drug that produces therapeutic effects to the dose that causes toxic effects
Meds with high index have wide safety margin
Can you administer sublingual meds through NG?
NOOOOOOOOOOOO
When obtaining a trough level of the client’s medication, what should you do?
Obtain a blood specimen immediately before administering the next dose of medication
When applying a patch, what should you make sure of?
Apply it to an area of skin with no hair
