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BnB > Week 1 objective-related > Flashcards

Week 1 objective-related Flashcards

1
Q

What spot located under the neural plate is responsible for signaling the neural tube to close

A

the Notochord

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2
Q

What happens if the neural tube doesn’t fully close?

A

spina bifida or anencephaly

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3
Q

how do you screen and prevent neural tube defects?

A

AFP is the screening marker and folate must be given BEFORE conception

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4
Q

Before migration. neurons undergo their first mitotic birthday. Where does this occur?

A

In the neural tube

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5
Q

What cells from the neural tube maintain ability to replicate even after migrating away from the neural tube?

A

Glial cells

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6
Q

Floorplate becomes dorsal/ventral

Roofplate becomes dorsal/ventral

A

Roofplate is future dorsal (alar)

Floorplate is future ventral (basal plate)

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7
Q

What are the steps in making neuronal connections

A

neuronal migration

Trophic factors

Synapse Elimination (plasticity)

Maturation of neuronal connections

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8
Q

The cortex develops with the help of what cells that help guide neurons at the inner zone to keep growing out?

A

Radial glial cells

“inside out” development of the cortex

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9
Q

What produce the trophic factors?

A

The neuronal targets

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10
Q

what genes guide segementation

A

HOMEBOX

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11
Q

What are the 3 main trophic factor families you should know

A

NGF

BDNF

NT-3

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12
Q

NGF populates what neurons?

A

Sympathetic
Nociceptive
Cholinergic basal forebrain

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13
Q

BDNF, NT-4/5 neuronal population?

A 
motoneurons (alpha)
vestibular sensory
peripheral sensory
cranial ganglia
cortical neurons
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14
Q

NT-3

A

Proprioceptive sensory
Motorneurons (gamma)
Cranial ganglion (nodose)
Corticospinal neurons

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15
Q

Neurotrophic actions are mediated when receptor-ligand complexes move from where to where

A

From the periphery toward the soma, so it’s altered anytime retrograde transport is affected

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16
Q

If there isn’t a target for a neuron to innervate what happend?

A

NOCD

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17
Q

Congenital Insensitivty to Pain with Anhidrosis is related to what part of the trophic factor pathway?

A

LOF mutation resulting in developmental apoposis of specific neuronal population (TrkA mut)

This is a loss of NGF-dependent primary sensory neurons and postgang symps

Lissauers and spinothalamic tract indiscernible at autopsy

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18
Q

You can give trophic factors to help repopulate neurons. Where would these trophic factros act?

A

On the target

ex: GDNF = VEGF increases survival

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19
Q

Anterograde transport utilizes which intermediate filament?

A

Kinesin

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20
Q

Retrograde transport (movement toward the cell soma) utilizes what intermediate filament?

A

dynein

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21
Q

fibrous astrocytes have fine long straight processes and they’re found in

A

white matter

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22
Q

protoplasmic astrocytes have wavy thin fluffy processes and are found in

A

gray matter

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23
Q

åstrocytes have many important functions including electrolyte balance particularly regarding which ions

A

K+

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24
Q

oligodendrocytes can myelinate many or few internodes?

A

up to 50

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25
Q

Schwann cells are of ______ orign

A

neural crest

26
Q

Microglia are of ______ origin

A

mesodermal

27
Q

Are the endothelial cells or the astrocytic foot processes the ones that prevent easy diffusion/transport to form the blood brain barrier?

A

The specialized endothelial cells are the ones that have the zonula occludens.

28
Q

Fluid path of the CSF

A 
Lateral Ventricle
3rd vent
Cerebral aqueduct
4th Ventricle
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid granulations
Venus Drainage
29
Q

Choroid plexus is derived from the

A

ependyma`

30
Q

Transduction of a sensory stimulus leads to a generator ______

A

generator potential

31
Q

What mechanoreceptors are slow adapting? Fast?

A

Meisner

Pacinian is fast (adapts quickly over time, no longer firing/ sensing it as time goes by

32
Q

What aspect of neuronal layout allows us to sense location/physical mapping?

A

REceptive Fields

smaller= higher acuity

more overlap= higher resolution

33
Q

What is the labelled line theory of sensory code?

A

That axons are specifically coded to respond to specific stimuli

34
Q

Exteroreceptors and their stimuli?

A

Meissner’s: touch
Merkels: touch
Hair cells: touch

Krause end bulbs: pressure and vibration

Ruffini endings: stretch

35
Q

Proprioceptors that convey state of internal

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

Joint REceptors

Muscle Spindles

Golgi Tendon ORgans

36
Q

Discriminative touch receptors are all innervated by what type of fiber?

A

A-beta

37
Q

A fast adapting receptor like Pacninan will show hat type of neural activity over time?

A

it will show activity at the onset of the stimulus and then no activity

38
Q

Pain and temperature are transduced by free nerve endings which are conducted on what fibers? What do the membrane receptors react to?

A

Alpha delta, C

PG, histamine, substance P to respnod to tissue damage

39
Q

What are the predominant stretch receptors iwthin the muscles?

A

muscle spindles

40
Q

Efferent and afferent innervation of muscle spindle cells

A

efferent: gamma
afferent: Ia (primary), II (secondary)

41
Q

Proprioception golgi tendon organs

A

Extrafusal muscle fibers contract

This stretches eleastic fibers of GTO

Ib afferent nerve endings are deformed

Increased depolarization of nerve endings

Increase in Ib afferent firing

42
Q

Glutamate receptor subtypes?

A

AMPA/kainate

NMDA

Metabotropic

43
Q

GABA recetptor subtypes

A

GABA (A and B)

in the retina: GABA (C)

44
Q

ACh receptor subtypes?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic (parasympathetic ganglia)

Muscarinic and Nicotinic in brain

45
Q

NE receptor subtypes?

A

alpha and beta

46
Q

Dopamine receptor subtypes?

A

D(1-5)

47
Q

Serotonin receptor subtypes?

A

5-HT subtypes

48
Q

Direct Gating (Ionotropic ligand-gated receptors) include, these are fast whereas indirect are slower but have longer effect

A

Glutamate, ACh, GABA, glycine, Serotonin

this is when a neurotrasmitter binds and opens up an ion channel within the membrane

49
Q

Choline acetyletransferase is important for

A

combining Acetate and 3-c backbone to Acetylcholine

50
Q

Tyrosine is a precursor for which neurotransmitters?

A

NE

Dopamine

51
Q

Dopamine increase blood flow to

A

Kidneys

52
Q

Serotonin is found throughout the ____ tract

A

GI

53
Q

The glia maintain appropriate levels of what major excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

54
Q

What’s important to note about the post-synaptic receptors of GABA?

A

needs 2 GPCRs to dimerize in order to work.

55
Q

ACh M1 and nicotinic receptors are excitatory for different reasons. Why

A

M1-R decrease K= conductance which prevents hyperpolarization after the action potential and increases IP3 and DAG

56
Q

Norepinephrine excitatory and inhibitory receptors?

A

Alpha 1= excitatory by decreasing K conductance

Alpha 2 inhibitory by decreasing presynaptic calcium conductance and increasing postsynaptic potassium conductance, decreasing cAMP

Beta are GPCR that ca do both

57
Q

Dopamine excitatory and inhibitory receptors?

A

D1 excitatory

D2 inhibitory

58
Q

5-HT2A, 3, 4 are all

A

excitatory

59
Q

opioids binding to mu, delta, kappa are

A

inhibitory via decreasing of Ca, cAMP, potassium

60
Q

opioid peptides

A

Enkephalin
Endorphin
Dynorphin

61
Q

Sites of action for opioid analgesics

A

Primary Brainstem/medullary centers (Periaqueductal grey matter, nucleus Raphe, magnus)

Limbic system targets

Spinal cord

Periphery

BnB (22 decks)

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