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Anatomy clinical Flashcards

1
Q

Cutting of the facial nerve would result in loss of muscles including. What gland would not be affected?

A

Muscles of facial expression:
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical

Posterior belly of digastric muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Stapedius muscle

Also orbicularis oculi and lacrimal gland

Parotid gland wouldn’t be affected

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2
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

premature closer of the sagittal, lambdoid, and coronal (pinhead/oxycephaly) sutures leading to deformities and impaired brain growth

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3
Q

Le fort fractures:
I
II
III

A

I: separated maxillary teeth from the rest of the face (John Waters)

II: separated upper maxillary teeth and nose from the rest of the face
(Hannibal Lecter)

III: fracture through the upper portion of the orbits separating the face from rest of the skull (Riff Raff sunglasses)

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4
Q

Artery that could cause epidural hem

A

Middle meningeal artery.

blood between dura and bone

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5
Q

Subdural hem

A

deep to dura but outside the arachnoid layer

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6
Q

Subarachnoid hem could present with?

A

Severe headache
Stiff neck
LOC
Paralytic strokes from intracerebral hem

blood in CSF

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7
Q

What could cause a herniation of the brain through the tentorial incisure?

A

pathological increased intracranial presure

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8
Q

arachnoid villi hypertrophy could lead to

A

arachnoid granulations

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9
Q

Whiplash affects what ligament in front of the vertebral bodies and the anterior neck muscles can be torn/stretched

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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10
Q

Whiplash/hyperextension of the neck could result in breakage of the posterior arch of the axis (C2) which is referred to as

A

Hangman’s Fracture

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11
Q

Orbital blow out involves which bone

A

Maxillary bone

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12
Q

Papilla edema

A

Excessive CSF from increased intracranial pressure because optic nerve is covered in dura therefore brain pressures are reflected in the central artery of the retina before it enters the fundus of the eye.

Optic disc can swell and blood (venous) can pool in the veins of the surface of the retina

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13
Q

Internal sty (hordeolum)

A

meibomian gland infection (staph aur)

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14
Q

External sty

A

hair follicle cyst

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15
Q

Periorbital puffiness

A

normal fat that migrates into lower lid

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16
Q

Chalazion is a lump as a result of chronic blockage of what glands?

A

Tarsal glands

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17
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis vs bacterial

A

Allergic is itchy bacterial has marked grittiness and irritation, stringy and opaque mucopurulent discharge

prophylactic silver nitrate drops in newborns

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18
Q

If you lose facial nerve innervation to the orbicularis oculi for some reason what wouldn’t you be able to do and what would be at risk?

A

The OO Closes the eyelid so the corneal would be at risk of dryin out

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19
Q

a patient has just been punched and cant look up above the horizon due to trapping of the inferior rectus muscle. This could be what tyoe of fracture

A

Orbital blow out, fracture to the maxillary bone and protrusion of orbital contents into the max sinus

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20
Q

Exophthalmos seen in

A

Graves disease

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21
Q

Exophthalmos could be due to increased size of ____ muscles which could be due to____

A

Extraocular muscles.

to autoimmune reaction to TSH R Ag expressed in retro-orbital tissues including extraocular muscles

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22
Q

What is the more common form of strabismus?

A

Esotropia. Both eyes turn inward.

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23
Q

One eye deviating outwards is known as

A

Exotropia strabismus

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24
Q

Oculomotor CNIII lesion can lead to 4 things. What are they?

A

Lateral strabismus from unopposed Lateral Rectus and seperior Oblique

Ptosis from levator palpebrae superioris paralysis

Mydriasis (dilation of the pupil)

Loss of the Accomodation of the lens

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25
Q

What could cause sudden CN III palsy?

A

Aneurysm within the posterior communicating artery

cavernous sinus thrombosis

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26
Q

CN IV (Trochlear lesion) the patient will tilt head slighly to what side? And what muscle is affected?

A

Superior oblique muscle is affected and the patient will tilt head to unaffected side to help accommodate

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27
Q

Abducens nerve palsy is a lesion that paralyzes what muscle which causes eye to turn inwards? Is this common?

A

Lateral rectus affected, increased intracranial pressure.

This is most common esp w/ DM pts.

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28
Q

Glaucoma is excessive pressure of the eye and is due to the blockage of fluid draining from the eye at _______

A

Canal of Schlemm

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29
Q

2 different classes of glaucoma?

A

Open-Angle

Closed-Angle (iris bulges forward)

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30
Q

Why is it so easy to transplant corneaS?

A

It is avascular so WBCs that would reject the transplant are unlikely to get to that area

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31
Q

The ciliary muscle contracts and does what?

A

Rounds up the lens

old age: Presbyopia caused by lens getting less elastic and less able to round up

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32
Q

The corneal reflex tests the sensory fibers of the

A

Ophthalmic (V1) branch of the Trigeminal Nerve (V)

33
Q

The corneal reflex tests the motor fibers of the

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

34
Q

Acoustic Neuromas grows on CN

A

CN VIII within the interal acoustic meatus

This can block the CN VII which runs in the same area

35
Q

Unilateral hearing loss, depression of ipsilateral direct closing of the eyelid

A

Acoustic Neuroma growing on Vestibulocochlear CN VIII

36
Q

Unilateral hearing loss, depression of ipsilateral direct closing of the eyelid

A

Acoustic Neuroma growing on Vestibulocochlear CN VIII

37
Q

Jaw Dislocation from excess contraction of what muscle causing the head of the mandible to slide too far over what tubercle?

A

Lateral Pterygoid muscle

head of the mandible slides over the articular tubercle

38
Q

Inferior Alveolar Nerve block. Why would the chin and lower lip feel numb?

A

anesthestize the teeth around the opening of the mandibular foramen to target the inf alveolar nerve.

The Mental nerve is a continuation of the inf alveolar nerve

39
Q

Broken jaw

A

often at the neck. secured with arch bar

40
Q

Gleek happens when you yawn because the ________ muscle contracts and squeezes part of the submandibular gland against the intrinsic superior tongue muscles

A

mylohyoid

41
Q

Why babies shouldn’t be given a bottle while they lay flat within cribs

A

something about negative pressure and increasing likelihood fluids are pulled into the auditory tube

42
Q

Mandibular tor are bony protrusions from the medial wall of the mandible. Are these worrisome?

A

They are benign

43
Q

Sleep apnea from

A

dropping of the tongue

enlarge tonsils

soft palate

blocking normal airflow

44
Q

Deviation of the Uvula to the unaffected side could indicate lesions of the

A

CN X (vagus)

45
Q

Febrile patient with inflamed structure in the posterior pharynx most often caused by what bacteria?

A

Group A Strep most common cause of uvulitis

46
Q

Bifid Uvula associated with what syndrome that is also associated with aneurysm of the aorta as a child

A

Loeys-Dietz syndrome

47
Q

Bifid Uvula associated with what syndrome that is also associated with aneurysm of the aorta as a child

A

Loeys-Dietz syndrome

48
Q

Evidence of CHF

A

JVD from engorged external jugular vein

49
Q

Placing a central venous line most often placed in what vein to because of its direct path to the SVC

A

The Internal Jugular Vein on the right side

Needed for administration of caustic drugs to preserve endothelial lining

50
Q

Typical sites of ectopic thyroid tissue

A

anywhere along the course of the thyroglossal duct, sometimes in the neck and mediastinum

51
Q

Erb’s point located midway up the sternoclediomastoid is important for anesthesia of what cutaneous nerves

A

Lesser occipital
Greater Auricular
Transverse cervical
Supraclavicular Nerves

52
Q

Carotid Sinus Massage increases parasympathetic outflow by way of what cranial nerve that reflexively causes CN ___ to slow the heart?

A

CN IX simulates high effective pressure—> CN X

53
Q

Thryoglossal duct are typically _______ below the _____ bone

A

Midline masses below the hyoid bone

common in children 2-10

54
Q

What type of thyroid arteries are responsible for why ER tracheotomies are not frequently done below the isthmus of the thyroid gland?

A

Thryoid Ima arteries

55
Q

Bilateral paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid mucsles may require ______

A

surgical cricothyrotomy, cricotomy, tracheostomy, or intubation to allow air in the lungs

vocal cords close too tightly

56
Q

Bilateral paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid mucsles may require ______

A

surgical cricothyrotomy, cricotomy, tracheostomy, or intubation to allow air in the lungs

vocal cords close too tightly

57
Q

Why are the vocal cords at increased risk for cancer development?

A

transition of epithelial type

58
Q

Abnormal breathing sounds, difficulty swallowing could possibly be

A

Epiglottitis

59
Q

Laryngitis can be caused by

A

Acid reflux or viral infection of the respiratory epithelium

Edema within the submucosa can typically cause increased mass of the vocal cord limiting ability to vibrate

60
Q

Unilateral paralysis from loss of the superior laryngeal nerve only effects the

A

cricothyroid muscle

Patients will have a weak, rough, easily fatiguing voice

61
Q

loss of ALL innervation to laryngeal muscles will cause what that will require endotracheal tube?

A

Passive closure of the glottis

62
Q

Tracheostomy vs Tracheotomy

A

Tracheostomy: emergency airway created below cricoid cartilage to bypass larynx and upper airway

Tracheotomy: incising the trachea, usually temporary; upper (right below cricoid cartilage) and lower

63
Q

Innervatio for
Ka
La
Ma

A

Ka: soft palate elevation (CN X Vagus)

La: tongue fx (CNXII Hypoglossal)

Ma: opening mouth with orbicularis oris (CN VII Facial)

64
Q

Food stuck at what junction can cause reflex closure of the epiglottis?

A

Junction of the pharynx with esophagus just below the laryngeal pharynx

65
Q

Food stuck at what junction can cause reflex closure of the epiglottis?

A

Junction of the pharynx with esophagus just below the laryngeal pharynx

Heimlich increases intrabdominal pressure to aid in expelling stuck food.

66
Q

Food stuck at what junction can cause reflex closure of the epiglottis?

A

Junction of the pharynx with esophagus just below the laryngeal pharynx

Heimlich increases intrabdominal pressure to aid in expelling stuck food.

67
Q

nosebleed as a result of what arteries breaking?

A

Anterior ethmoidal artery, sphenopalatine artery, greater palatine artery, superior labial artery

68
Q

Kiesselbach’s area

A

formation of superficial anastomotic network no nasal septum posterior to the vestibular area

69
Q

Deviated nasal septum

A

septum isn’t in the center of the nose

70
Q

Anosmia can be a result of the olfactory nerves shearing off as they pass through the

A

cribriform plate

71
Q

Cribriform plate fracture would result in what draining into the nose

A

CSF

72
Q

Sinusitis usually refers to bacterial infection of the sinuses, secondary to viral infections or allergic rhinitis. Frontaland maxillary sinusitis will produc pain upon tapping on the bone superficial to the sinus. Maxiallary sinusitis can have referred pain to the

A

maxillary teeth

73
Q

Cribriform plate fracture would result in what draining into the nose

A

CSF

74
Q

which arteries can be manually compressed to stop a nosebleed?

A

Greater palatine artery or the superior labial artery

75
Q

what do you pinch to stop a nosebleed?

A

Upper lip and hard palate behind the incisors

Blocks

  • septal branch of the superior labial artery
  • greater palatine artery
76
Q

What fossa holds the parasympathetic ganglia that stimulates the nose and paranasal sinuses and lacrimal gland?

A

Pterygopalatine fossa

77
Q

Virchow’s node is a firm supraclavicular lymph node that is found especially on the ______ side. It is critical for detecting posibility of metastatic neoplasm

A

Left

78
Q

Virchow’s node is a firm supraclavicular lymph node that is found especially on the ______ side. It is critical for detecting posibility of metastatic neoplasm

A

Left

79
Q

ddx for Virchow’s node?

A

lymphoma, non-hodgkins, breast cancer, lung esophageal cancer.

BnB (22 decks)

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