Histopathology

Question 1

Red Neurons can be a result of

Answer 1

ischemia
hypoglycemia

marked pyknosis

Question 2

Neuronal loss can lead to degeneration of the neuron distally known as

Answer 2

Wallerian Degeneration

Question 3

Neuronal atrophy due to loss of afferent injury is known as

Answer 3

Transsynaptic degeneration

Question 4

Hirano Bodies are an accumulation of

Answer 4

actin filaments

Question 5

_____ _____ are associated with alzheimers disease as well as post-traumatic dementia from repeated blows to the head

Answer 5

Neurofibrillary tangles (IMPORTANT FOR TESTS)

Question 6

Lewy bodies found in the substantia nigra are considered to be a diagnostic hallmark of advanced stage _________ disease.

Answer 6

advanced stage of parkinson’s disease

Question 7

neuronal viral inclusions seen in Rabies known as

Answer 7

Pathognomonic Negri bodies are

cytoplasmic inclusions found in the hippocampal pyramidal cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells.

Question 8

Rosenthal Fibers and Corpora Amylacea display accumulation of heat shock proteins and ubiquitin. What is the significance of each of these?

Answer 8

Heat shock proteins recycle and restore damaged proteins and remove of denatured proteins

UBQ targets denatured proteins and facilitates binding to proteasomes which then break down the proteins to peptides.

Question 9

Is lipofuscin pathognomonic for anything?

Answer 9

No, it accumulates with age. It’s just an accumulation of oxidized lipids, phospholipids, metals, organic molecules that accumulate from the digestion of bacteria, foreign materials, dead cells, as a result of oxidative degradation of mitochondria and lysosomal digestion (associated with catecholamine degeneration)

They’re seen in increase in cases with more autophagy. mainly in liver and myocardium

Question 10

What are ependymal cells and what is their histological appearance?

Answer 10

They line the ventricles and assist with moving CSF

they are ciliated columnar.

Question 11

What happens if ependymal cels die?

Answer 11

They do not regenerate

You may see ependymal granulations aka skips in the ependymal cells because they don’t repopulate

Question 12

What is the major site of CSF production

Answer 12

Choroid plexus

highly vascular

Question 13

What is the only non-metastatic primary carcinoma of the brain

Answer 13

Choroid plexus

Question 14

What do the microglia do and what are they derived from embryologically?

Answer 14

respond to brain injury with a macrophage-like function derived from the mesoderm.

Question 15

Microglial cells can be involved in what pathological processes?

Answer 15

Demyelinating plaques of MS

Question 16

what is a rare tumor that can arise in the Choroid plexus and block movement of the CSF?

Answer 16

Choroid Plexus Papilloma that arise in cerebral ventricles

Question 17

What is the classic appearance of Meningothelial cells?

Answer 17

Whorls

Question 18

What cell gives rise to the largest category of brain tumors?

Answer 18

Meningothelial cells can give rise to meningiomas which usually grow at the surface and are dural-based

Question 19

Go-to nerve to biopsy for peripheral neuropathy

Answer 19

Sural Nerve

no motor component though

Question 20

Nerve biopsy section options for evidence of segmental demyelination

Answer 20

Paraffin

Plastic (get super thin sections)

Electron Microscopy

Question 21

Axonal degenerations leads to secondary myelin loss because

Answer 21

there isn’t an axon to myelinate

Question 22

Acute Inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Answer 22

Proximal and distal weakness with rapid ascending paralysis; often cranial nerve involvement

Question 23

What nerves are demyelinated in Guillain-Barre

Answer 23

Peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots

Question 24

Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy

Answer 24

symptoms of Gulliain-Barre over 2 months +

relapsing and remitting

Question 25

Macrocytic and lymphocytic infiltrates as well as thinly myelinated axons found in

Answer 25

Guillain-Barre and CIDP

Question 26

Demyelination-remyelination seen in

Answer 26

Lepromatous leprosy

schwann cells infected

Question 27

Demyelination as well as paresthsias/exotoxin-related weakness seen in

Answer 27

Diphtheria

Question 28

Varicella-Zoster Virus leads to axonal ______

Answer 28

axonal degeneration

latent virus in the ganglia travels along sensory nerves to skin

Question 29

Charcot-Marie-Tooth genetics?

Answer 29

PMP22 (peripheral myelin gene)

Question 30

Large onion bulbs, with distal lower extremity weakness and wasting seen in

Answer 30

Charcot-Marie-Tooth

Question 31

Types of distal symmetric sensorimotor neuropathy in diabetics

Answer 31

axonal neuropathy

relative loss of small myelinated fibers

thickening of small arterioles

Question 32

Loss of ____ seen in all schwannomas

Answer 32

NF2

Question 33

Plexiform Peripheral nerve associated with what genetic thing

Answer 33

NF-1

Question 34

NF-1 is autosomal dominant and associated with what genes?

Answer 34

17q11.2

Question 35

NF-1 associated with what distinct clinical findings?

Answer 35

cafe au lait spots

Question 36

Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath tumor can arise de novo but also associated with

Answer 36

neurofibroma

Question 37

Where can schwannoma been seen?

Answer 37

CN VIII

Question 38

Schwannoma are S-100 positive or negative?

Answer 38

positive for S-100 expression

Question 39

67 year-old man with progressive hearing loss, recent falls, and a large cerobellar pontine mass. Histology shows Verocay bodes, Antoni A, Antoni B, and decreased hyalinized vessels that show the tumor has been there a while.

Answer 39

Schwannoma NF-2

22q12