Week 1 Learning Outcomes Flashcards
Define anatomy and physiology and
explain how they are related
Anatomy - Anatomy is the study of the structure, or physical form, of the body
Physiology - Physiology is the study of the functions of body parts (in homeostasis)
Identify the levels of structural organization
that make up the human body and explain
their interrelationship.
Chemical Level - Atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular level - Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level - Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ Level - Organs are made up of different types of tissue
Organ System level - Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level - Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Name the organ systems of the body and
describe their functions.
- Digestive System
- Respiratory System
- Cardiovascular System
- Endocrine system
- Reproductive System
- Integumentary system
-Urinary System - Lymphatic System
- Nervous System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
Function of the Integumentary System
- Forms the external body covering
- Protects deeper tissue from injury
- Synthesizes Vitamin D
- Location of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
- Hair, Skin, Fingernails
Function of the Skeletal System
- Protects and supports body organs
- Provides framework the muscles use to cause movement
- Blood cells are formed within bones
- Stores minerals
- Cartilages, Joint, bones
Function of the Muscular System
- Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
- Maintains posture
- Produces heat
- Skeletal Muscles
Function of the Nervous System
- Fast-acting control system of the body
- Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
- Brain, Sensory receptor, Spinal cord, nerves
Function of the Endocrine System
- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
- Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect), Thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis (male), ovary (female)
Function of the Cardiovascular System
- Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc.
- The heart pumps blood
- Heart, blood vessels
Function of the Lymphatic System
- Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
- Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
- Houses white blood cells involved in immunity
- Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
Function of the Respiratory System
- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
- Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Function of the Digestive System
- Breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces - Oral cavity, esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, large intestine, rectum
Function of the Urinary System
- Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body’ regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
- Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Function of the Reproductive System
- Overall function is to produce offspring
- Testes produce sperm and male hormone, ducts and glands aid in delivery viable sperm to the female reproductive tract
- Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
- Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus
- Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
- Male: Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum
- Female: Mammary glands (in breasts), uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina
List and describe eight functions that
humans must perform to maintain life.
- Maintaining boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness/irritabilty
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
List and describe the five survival needs of
the human body.
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Describe the anatomical position.
Refers to the position of the body when it os standing upright, facing forward, each hand hanging on either side, palms up and feet facing forward, reference point for all diagrams
Directional Terms: Superior
Towards the head end/upper part of a structure/above
Directional Terms: Inferior
Away from the head end/lower part of a structure/below
Only references structures of the head & torso
Directional Terms: Anterior (ventral)
Towards the front of the body/in front of
Directional Terms: Posterior (dorsal)
Towards/at the backside of the body/behind
Directional Terms: Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body/inner side of
Directional Terms: Lateral
Away from the midline of the body/outer side of
Directional Terms: Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure/inbetween
E.g., your knee is intermediate between your ankles and hip
Directional Terms: Proximal
Close to the origin of the body part/the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
E.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist (closer to the shoulder (point of attachment) than the wrist is)
Directional Terms: Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part/point of attachment of limb to body trunk
E.g., the knee is distal to the thigh
Directional Terms: Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
E.g., the skin is superficial to the skeleton
Directional Terms: Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface/more internal
E.g., the lungs are deep to the ribcage
Regions of the Body: Cephalic
Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eye sockets)
Nasal (Nose)
Buccal (cheeks)
Oral
Mental (chin)
Occipital (back of head)
Regions of the Body: Cervical
Space between head and neck
Regions of the Body: Thoracic
Sternal (sternum)
Axillary (where arm connects to shoulder)
Pectoral (pecs)
Regions of the Body: Abdominal
Umbillical (belly button)
Regions of the Body: Pelvic
Genitals
Regions of the Body: Upper Limb
Acromial (outer end of shoulder blade, highest part of shoulder)
Deltoid (connects arm to shoulder
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Olecranal
Antebrachial (forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Regions of the Body: Magnus
Digital (fingertips)
Regions of the Body: Lower Limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Regions of the Body: Pedal
Tarsal (ankle)
Digital
Regions of the Body: Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Median (midsagittal) plane
The median plane, equal left & right sides Down the midline of the body
Frontal (coronal) plane
Anterior + Posterior sections
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Superior + inferior sections
Identify the major body cavities and
describe their locations.
- Posterior/Dorsal Cavity
- Anterior/Ventral Cavity
- Oral and Digestive
- Nasal Cavity
- Orbital Cavities
- Middle ear cavities
Name the major organs located in the Dorsal Cavity
Contains primary organs of the nervous system, brain and spinal cord (cranial and spinial cavity)
Name the major organs located in the Ventral Cavity
Thoracic Cavity - Ploral cavity (lungs)
Pericodial cavity (heart)
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic Cavity - Digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, Bladder, reproductive organs
Identify how the abdominopelvic cavity
can be subdivided into four quadrants and/or
nine regions
Abdominopelvic cavity: Right upper quadrant
The liver
Gallbladder
Duodenom
Head of the pancreas
Right kidney
Part of the small intestine, connects to stomach
Abdominopelvic cavity: Right lower quadrant
the appendix
Ascending colon
right ovary and the Fallopian tube (women)
Abdominopelvic cavity: Left upper quadrant
The stomach
Spleen
Left portion of the liver
Main body of the pancreas
Left portion of the kidney
Adrenal glands
Left colic (part of colon)
Abdominopelvic cavity: Left lower quadrant
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Part of the small intestine
Ureter
iliac fossa (part of hip bone & pelvis)
Abdominopelvic cavity: Identify the 9 regions
Right hyopchondric region
Right lumbar region
Right iliac (inguinal) region
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric (pubic) region
Left hypochondriac region
Left lumbar region
Left iliac (imguinal) region
Define homeostasis and explain its
importance to survival
A state of balance within all physical systems of the body, maintaining the body’s equilibrium
Describe the difference between negative
and positive feedback mechanisms
- Negative feedback is a biological response to stimulus that works to prevent it’s effects and return the body’s equilibrium
- Positive feedback is a biological response the enhances the response to the stimulus until an end point
Identify and describe the components of a
homeostatic mechanism, and explain how they interact to maintain homeostasis
Stimulus - Produces change in variable
Receptor - Detects change
Input - Information is sent along afferent pathway to control center
Output - Information is sent along efferent pathway to effector
Response - Of effoctor feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level
Differentiate between an acid and a base
Have a pH <7, base is the chemical opposite
Explain the concept of pH and state the pH of blood.
Blood pH is 7.1 (7.35-7.45)
List the four categories of molecules
unique to cells and describe the basic structure and functions of each in the human body
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
