Endocrine System Flashcards
What is “Hormone”
Chemical messenger that are secreted by endocrine cells in to the bloodstream of the body
What is “Target Organ”
Certain cells or organs that play a role to be affected by a patient
When is prostaglandins produced
When there is any cellular damage in the cell
Effects of prostaglandins on blood pressure
Increases blood pressure by acting as a vasoconstrictors
How are Hormones secreted
Hypothalamus hormones stimulate anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones
How are hormones released
Anterior pituitary gland hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release hormones
What happens once hormones reach their final target glands
They send feedback to their anterior pituitary glands to inhibit the release of hormones
Humoral stimuli: How are hormones stimulated
By a change in ions/based on blood level
Where do endocrine glands secrete into
The blood
What do exocrine glands secrete
Gastric Juices
Where is the pituitary gland found
Hanging from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus
What are the 2 lobes of pituitary glands
Anterior and posterior pituitary glands
What does Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) do
Stimulated by dehydration, causes kidneys to reabsorb more water from forming urine
What does Oxytocin do
Birth hormone, stimulated by uterine contractions to help induce labour, stop post-partum bleeding, and trigger let down of breast milk
What is Tropic Hormone
Hormones that stimulate other target endocrine glands to secrete its own hormones
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: Follice-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stimulates follicle development in ovaries to produce estrogen
stimulates testicles for sperm development
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Triggers ovulation of an egg + ruptured follice to produce progesterone
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: Prolactin (PRL)
Causes breast milk development + helps breast development
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: Growth Hormone (GH)
Stimulates protein synthesis to start bone + tissue + muscle growth
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: Pineal Gland
Secretes melatonin, sleep trigger hormone
Hangs from 3rd ventricle of the brain
What hormones does the Thyroid gland produce
Calcitonin and TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
What is hyperthyroidism
Low hormone production; weight gain, low blood pressure, dizziness, dry skin etc
What is hypothyroidism
High Hormone production, opposite effect of hyperthyroidism
What is the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Most important hormone responsible for increasing blood Ca2+ levels
What type of hormone is PTH
Hypercalcaemia hormone
What does calcitonin do
Decreases above normal blood calcium concentration
What type of hormone is calcitonin
Hypocalacaema hormone
What does PTH do
It increases below normal blood calcium concentration
How does PTH increase calcium concentration
By stimulating osteoclast activity, activation of vitamin D and stimulating kidneys to absorb more calcium
When is the Thymus Gland active
During child birth
What does the Thymus gland produce
Thymosin
What are the 2 parts of Adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla (neural) + adrenal cortex (glandular)
Adrenocortical Hormones: Mineralocorticoid
Regulates sodium + potassium concentrations in blood
Adrenocortical Hormones: Glucocorticoids
Promotes the breakdown of fats + proteins by cells; to produce glucose
Adrenocortical Hormones: Sex hormones
Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics
Adrenocortical Hormones: Adrenal medulla
Secretes catecholamines, enhances and prolongs the effects of neurotransmitters of sympathetic nervous system
The Pancres
Dual-function gland
What do exocrine glands secrete
secretes digestive/gastric juice
What do endocrine glands secrete
Secretes Hormones
What hormones do the pancreas release
Insulin and glucagon
What does insulin do
Lowers high blood sugar
What does glucagon do
Increases low blood sugar
What are Gonads
Hormones of the ovaries
What do gonads produce
estrogen and progesterone
Which gland stimulates gonads
GnRH from the anterior pitutary
What does estrogen do
Stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics in the female
Stimulates changes in uterine line - menstrual cycle
What do Progesterone do
Promotes implantation of fertilized ovum in the uterine lining
produced by corpus luteum of the ovary
Most important testes hormone
Testosterone
