Week 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The structure
Physiology
The function (body’s dynamic and animated workings)
What is the principle of complementary structure and function?
The idea that function reflects structure
What are the necessary life functions?
Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Disposal of waste Reproduction Growth
What are the survival needs?
Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body temperature Appropriate atmospheric pressure
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of stable internal conditions even with constantly changing external and internal environments
How does a stimulus travel to create a response?
- Stimulus produces a change in variable (increase BS)
- The receptor detects change
- The sensory is sent to the control center (afferent)
- The control center releases an output (efferent - increase insulin)
- The effector produces a response
What is negative feedback?
When a response reduces or shuts off the original stimuli
What is positive feedback?
When the response encourages more stimuli (oxytocin or blood clotting)
What are some examples of microscopic anatomy?
Cytology, Histology, Developmental Anatomy, Embryology
What is surface anatomy?
The study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin.
What is the goal of a negative feedback mechanism?
Prevent sudden, severe changes in the body
What causes disease?
Homeostatic imbalances (also due to aging)
What does the regional term axial pertain to?
Head, neck and trunk of the body
What does the regional term appendicular pertain to?
The limbs of the body
Regional term Mental
Chin
Regional term Inguinal
Pelvic
Regional term for shoulder
Acromial
Regional term for elbow
Antecubital
Regional term for thumb
Pollex
Regional term for hip
Coxal
Regional term for leg
Crural
Regional term for big toe
Hallux
Regional term for the back of the knee
Popliteal
Regional term for calf
Sural
Regional term for heel
Calcaneal
Two cavities of the Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
Two cavities of the ventral cavity
Thoracic and abdominopelvic
What is the outer serosa called
Parietal (cavity wall)
What is the inner serosa called
Visceral
What fluid is between the parietal and visceral cavities
Serous fluid
What region is the upper right part of the tictactoe grid called
Right hypochondriac region
What region is the upper middle area of tictactoe grid called
epigastric region
What region is the middle right area of the tictactoe grid called?
Right lumbar region
What region of the right lower area of the tictactoe grid called
Right inguinal Region
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
the diaphragm
What region is the appendix located?
Right inguinal region
What region would the liver be found
The right hypochondriac region
What region would the stomach be found
Left hypochondriac region
What are synovial cavities?
Joint cavities enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely moveable joints
What decreases friction around joints
Synovial fluid
What is matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space (gas, liquid, solid)
Where is chemical energy stored?
In chemical bonds
How is electrical energy created in the body?
Movement of ions
Why are energy form conversions insufficient?
Some energy is lost as heat
What is the building block of matter?
atoms
What is the building block of atoms
elements
Where are neutrons and protons found?
In the nucleus of the atom
What differs in an isotope?
The number of neutrons
What are the three types of mixtures that most matter exists as?
Solutions (very small solutes usually clear)
Colloids (larger solutes that dont settle but do scatter light)
Suspensions (settle out and scatter light)
How is the concentration of a solution expressed as in units?
Percentage
mg/dL
Molarity (M)
What are solutions?
Homogenous mixtures (gases, liquids or solids dissolved in H2O)
What is the difference between mixtures and compounds?
Mixtures have no chemical bonding and can be heterogenous
Compounds have chemical bonds and are all homogenous
What are chemical bonds?
Energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms
How do chemical bond reactions happen?
When bonds are broken, formed or rearranged
What are the 3 types of reactions?
Synthesis (bond formation/anabolic)
Decomposition (bond degradation/catabolic-release energy)
Exchange (rearrangement)
REDOX reactions
Electron donors lose electrons and are oxidized
Electron acceptors gain electrons and are reduced
OIL RIG
How do you increase the rate of a reaction?
Increase temperature
increase the concentration of the reactant
decrease the particle size
addition of catalyst
What are examples of inorganic compounds?
Compounds without carbon
Water
Salts
What are examples of organic compounds?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
When does neutralization occur?
When an acid and a base are mixed together
What are carbohydrates?
Group of molecules including sugars and starches
Contain C,H, and O
What are lipids
Molecules that are insoluble in water but dissolve readily in nonpolar solvents
Made up of Triglycerides
Have C,H,O and sometimes P (Phospholipids)
What are steroids?
Flat molecules made up of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
Testosterone and cholesterol
What are phospholipids
Diglycerides with a phosphorus-containing group and two fatty acid chains
What are eicosanoids
A group of diverse lipids derived from arachidonic acid
Prostaglandins - relates to NSAIDs because of their cause of inflammation and pain
Why are lipids insoluble in water?
They are hydrophobic
What are proteins?
Long chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
What are proteins stabilized by?
Hydrogen bonds
What are fibrous proteins
Extended and strand like proteins and are known as structural proteins
What are globular proteins
Compact and spherical proteins and play an important role in bodily FUNCTIONS
Not stable and are susceptible to denaturing
What is protein denaturation
loss of the specific 3-D structure of a protein (usually due to a variety of chemical and physical changes in the environment)
what are molecular chaperones
Type of globular (function) protein that help proteins achieve their 3-D shape (leads the proteins where to go and when to fold)
What are enzymes
Globular (functional) proteins that act as a biological catalyst (increase reaction speed by decreasing activation energy)
What are nucleic acids composed of
C,H,O,N, and P
Nucleotides
What does each nucleotide contain (the 3 componenets)
A pentose (5 ringed) sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogen-containing base
What are the 5 nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Uracil, Cytosine
I remember what goes with what by Apple to Tree/ Car to Garage
What is DNA and what does do
DNA is the genetic material of the cell and is found within the nucleus
Provides instructions for making all of the proteins found within the body
Where is RNA located and what does it do
RNA is located outside of the nucleus and it makes proteins using the instruction from DNA
What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
The energy currency used by the cell
Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide that has two additional phosphate groups attached
How does ATP supply energy to the cell
By breaking the high energy bonds of the additional phosphate groups
What is regional anatomy?
The study of all body STRUCTURES in a given body region
What is systemic anatomy?
The study of all STRUCTURES in a body system
What is Microscopic anatomy?
The study of STRUCTURES that are too small to be seen with a naked eye
What is the study of individual cells?
Cytology
What is the study of tissues?
Histology
What is developmental anatomy?
The study of the change in body STRUCTURES over the course of a lifetime
What is embryology?
The study of development that occurs before birth
What is pathological anatomy?
The study of STRUCTURAL changes associated with disease
What is Radiographic anatomy?
The study of internal STRUCTURES using specialized visualization techniques (usually using isotopes)
What are the essential tools for studying anatomy?
Medical terminology knowledge and keen observational skills
On what level does physiology often focus on?
Cellular and molecular level
Know the levels of organization in the body.
Atoms, Molecules, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism
What necessary life function allows the ability to detect changes in the internal or external environments and respond to them?
Responsiveness
What is metabolism?
All the chemical reactions that occur in the body
What necessary life function allows an organism to maintain separate internal and external environments or separate internal chemical environments?
Ability to maintain boundaries
What survival need are consumed chemical substances that are used for energy and cell building?
Nutrients
Why is oxygen a survival need on a chemical level?
It is required by chemical reactions that release energy from foods
Why would correct atmospheric pressure be a survival need?
So that proper gas exchange occurs in the lungs
Why is normal body temperature a survival need?
For chemical reactions (binding, breaking, and reforming bonds) to occur at a proper rate (too cold = too slow, too hot = denaturation of proteins)
What is a variable in terms of homeostatic control?
The regulated factor or event (temperature, blood glucose level)
What parts of the body are the control center?
Brain and spinal cord
What two systems are important to the maintenance of homestasis?
Endocrine system (hormones used as stimuli) and the nervous system
Are positive feedback mechanisms used for frequent or infrequent events?
Infrequent
What are directional terms used to explain?
Where one body part is in relation to another
What are the 7 directional terms?
Medial (Towards the midline) Lateral (Away from the midline) Intermediate (In between two locations) Proximal (Towards the trunk) Distal (away from the trunk) Superficial (towards the skin) Deep (away from the skin towards the internal organs)
Study the Regional Terms
Slides 24-25 (non familiar ones are already in slide deck)
What are body planes?
Flat surfaces that lie at right angles to one another
What plane is a vertical plane that separates the body into right and left parts?
Sagittal Plane (Parasagittal and Midsagittal)
What is a frontal plane?
A vertical plane that separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
What is a transverse plane?
A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (caudal or towards the head) and inferior (towards feet) parts
What are body cavities?
Spaces within the body that are closed to the outside and contain internal organs
What body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
Dorsal body cavity (think of a dorsal fin on a dolphin - spinal cord connects to the brain so they go together)
What are the 2 divisions of the dorsal cavity?
Cranial cavity (skull and brain) and vertebral cavity (vertebral column or spine and spinal cord)
What are serous membranes (serosae)?
A membrane that covers the inner walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surface of organs (it just lines the internal organs)
What does the ventral body cavity contain?
The body organs (viscera)
What abdominopelvic region would contain the bladder?
Hypogastric region
What abdominopelvic region would contain the spleen?
Left hypochondriac region
SPLEEN IS PART OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
What are the 4 body cavities that touch the outside environment?
Oral/digestive (mouth and anus)
Nasal (in and behind the nose)
Orbital (eyes)
Middle ear (in the skull and hold the hearing bones)
What are the two forms of energy?
Kinetic energy (motion)
Potential energy (stored)
What is known as the capacity to do work?
Energy
What 4 elements make up 96% of our bodies by weight ?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Which one does not have a weight - protons, neutrons, electrons?
Electrons
What does the atomic number tell us about an element?
The number of protons
(indirectly it tells us the number of electrons since atoms are neutral and the number of electrons must equal the number of protons)
How would you get the mass number of an element?
Adding the number of protons and neutrons
What is the atomic weight of an element?
The average of the relative weights of all known isotopes of an element
What are radioisotopes?
Heavy, unstable isotopes that decompose into more stable forms
What is the difference between elements and compounds when talking about molecules?
Elements are two or more of the SAME element combining
Compounds are two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements combine
What is a mixture?
Substances made of two or more components that are mixed physically
What is another name for colloid (heterogenous mixtures that are milky and have larger solute particles that do not settle out of a solution)?
Emulsion
What region of an atom do electrons occupy?
Electron shells (surround the nucleus of atom in layers)
What type of bond forms between two atoms that transfer one or more electrons from one atom to another?
Ionic bonds
What is a crystal?
Large structures of cations (+) and anions (-) that are held together by ionic bonds
What bond is formed when electrons are shared between 2 atoms?
Covalent bonds
How would a reaction achieve chemical equilibrium?
When the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction
When does replication occur in cell growth (what phase of the cycle)?
Replication occurs during the S phase
What is the Central Dogma?
DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into proteins
How are high-energy bonds of ATP broken in order to release energy?
By hydrolysis (splitting of molecule using water) ATP + H20 -> ADP +Pi (inorganic phosphate)
What is known as the fundamental unit of life?
The cell
