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Physiology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The function (body’s dynamic and animated workings)

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3
Q

What is the principle of complementary structure and function?

A

The idea that function reflects structure

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4
Q

What are the necessary life functions?

A 
Maintaining boundaries 
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Disposal of waste
Reproduction
Growth
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5
Q

What are the survival needs?

A 
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
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6
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of stable internal conditions even with constantly changing external and internal environments

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7
Q

How does a stimulus travel to create a response?

A
  1. Stimulus produces a change in variable (increase BS)
  2. The receptor detects change
  3. The sensory is sent to the control center (afferent)
  4. The control center releases an output (efferent - increase insulin)
  5. The effector produces a response
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8
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When a response reduces or shuts off the original stimuli

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9
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

When the response encourages more stimuli (oxytocin or blood clotting)

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10
Q

What are some examples of microscopic anatomy?

A

Cytology, Histology, Developmental Anatomy, Embryology

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11
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

The study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin.

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12
Q

What is the goal of a negative feedback mechanism?

A

Prevent sudden, severe changes in the body

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13
Q

What causes disease?

A

Homeostatic imbalances (also due to aging)

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14
Q

What does the regional term axial pertain to?

A

Head, neck and trunk of the body

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15
Q

What does the regional term appendicular pertain to?

A

The limbs of the body

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16
Q

Regional term Mental

A

Chin

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17
Q

Regional term Inguinal

A

Pelvic

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18
Q

Regional term for shoulder

A

Acromial

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19
Q

Regional term for elbow

A

Antecubital

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20
Q

Regional term for thumb

A

Pollex

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21
Q

Regional term for hip

A

Coxal

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22
Q

Regional term for leg

A

Crural

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23
Q

Regional term for big toe

A

Hallux

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24
Q

Regional term for the back of the knee

A

Popliteal

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25
Q

Regional term for calf

A

Sural

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26
Q

Regional term for heel

A

Calcaneal

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27
Q

Two cavities of the Dorsal cavity

A

Cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity

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28
Q

Two cavities of the ventral cavity

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

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29
Q

What is the outer serosa called

A

Parietal (cavity wall)

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30
Q

What is the inner serosa called

A

Visceral

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31
Q

What fluid is between the parietal and visceral cavities

A

Serous fluid

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32
Q

What region is the upper right part of the tictactoe grid called

A

Right hypochondriac region

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33
Q

What region is the upper middle area of tictactoe grid called

A

epigastric region

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34
Q

What region is the middle right area of the tictactoe grid called?

A

Right lumbar region

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35
Q

What region of the right lower area of the tictactoe grid called

A

Right inguinal Region

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36
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

A

the diaphragm

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37
Q

What region is the appendix located?

A

Right inguinal region

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38
Q

What region would the liver be found

A

The right hypochondriac region

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39
Q

What region would the stomach be found

A

Left hypochondriac region

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40
Q

What are synovial cavities?

A

Joint cavities enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely moveable joints

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41
Q

What decreases friction around joints

A

Synovial fluid

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42
Q

What is matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space (gas, liquid, solid)

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43
Q

Where is chemical energy stored?

A

In chemical bonds

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44
Q

How is electrical energy created in the body?

A

Movement of ions

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45
Q

Why are energy form conversions insufficient?

A

Some energy is lost as heat

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46
Q

What is the building block of matter?

A

atoms

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47
Q

What is the building block of atoms

A

elements

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48
Q

Where are neutrons and protons found?

A

In the nucleus of the atom

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49
Q

What differs in an isotope?

A

The number of neutrons

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50
Q

What are the three types of mixtures that most matter exists as?

A

Solutions (very small solutes usually clear)
Colloids (larger solutes that dont settle but do scatter light)
Suspensions (settle out and scatter light)

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51
Q

How is the concentration of a solution expressed as in units?

A

Percentage
mg/dL
Molarity (M)

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52
Q

What are solutions?

A

Homogenous mixtures (gases, liquids or solids dissolved in H2O)

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53
Q

What is the difference between mixtures and compounds?

A

Mixtures have no chemical bonding and can be heterogenous

Compounds have chemical bonds and are all homogenous

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54
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

Energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms

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55
Q

How do chemical bond reactions happen?

A

When bonds are broken, formed or rearranged

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56
Q

What are the 3 types of reactions?

A

Synthesis (bond formation/anabolic)
Decomposition (bond degradation/catabolic-release energy)
Exchange (rearrangement)

57
Q

REDOX reactions

A

Electron donors lose electrons and are oxidized
Electron acceptors gain electrons and are reduced
OIL RIG

58
Q

How do you increase the rate of a reaction?

A

Increase temperature
increase the concentration of the reactant
decrease the particle size
addition of catalyst

59
Q

What are examples of inorganic compounds?

A

Compounds without carbon
Water
Salts

60
Q

What are examples of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

61
Q

When does neutralization occur?

A

When an acid and a base are mixed together

62
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Group of molecules including sugars and starches

Contain C,H, and O

63
Q

What are lipids

A

Molecules that are insoluble in water but dissolve readily in nonpolar solvents

Made up of Triglycerides

Have C,H,O and sometimes P (Phospholipids)

64
Q

What are steroids?

A

Flat molecules made up of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
Testosterone and cholesterol

65
Q

What are phospholipids

A

Diglycerides with a phosphorus-containing group and two fatty acid chains

66
Q

What are eicosanoids

A

A group of diverse lipids derived from arachidonic acid

Prostaglandins - relates to NSAIDs because of their cause of inflammation and pain

67
Q

Why are lipids insoluble in water?

A

They are hydrophobic

68
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

69
Q

What are proteins stabilized by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

70
Q

What are fibrous proteins

A

Extended and strand like proteins and are known as structural proteins

71
Q

What are globular proteins

A

Compact and spherical proteins and play an important role in bodily FUNCTIONS
Not stable and are susceptible to denaturing

72
Q

What is protein denaturation

A

loss of the specific 3-D structure of a protein (usually due to a variety of chemical and physical changes in the environment)

73
Q

what are molecular chaperones

A

Type of globular (function) protein that help proteins achieve their 3-D shape (leads the proteins where to go and when to fold)

74
Q

What are enzymes

A

Globular (functional) proteins that act as a biological catalyst (increase reaction speed by decreasing activation energy)

75
Q

What are nucleic acids composed of

A

C,H,O,N, and P

Nucleotides

76
Q

What does each nucleotide contain (the 3 componenets)

A

A pentose (5 ringed) sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogen-containing base

77
Q

What are the 5 nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Uracil, Cytosine

I remember what goes with what by Apple to Tree/ Car to Garage

78
Q

What is DNA and what does do

A

DNA is the genetic material of the cell and is found within the nucleus

Provides instructions for making all of the proteins found within the body

79
Q

Where is RNA located and what does it do

A

RNA is located outside of the nucleus and it makes proteins using the instruction from DNA

80
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

The energy currency used by the cell

Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide that has two additional phosphate groups attached

81
Q

How does ATP supply energy to the cell

A

By breaking the high energy bonds of the additional phosphate groups

82
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

The study of all body STRUCTURES in a given body region

83
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

The study of all STRUCTURES in a body system

84
Q

What is Microscopic anatomy?

A

The study of STRUCTURES that are too small to be seen with a naked eye

85
Q

What is the study of individual cells?

A

Cytology

86
Q

What is the study of tissues?

A

Histology

87
Q

What is developmental anatomy?

A

The study of the change in body STRUCTURES over the course of a lifetime

88
Q

What is embryology?

A

The study of development that occurs before birth

89
Q

What is pathological anatomy?

A

The study of STRUCTURAL changes associated with disease

90
Q

What is Radiographic anatomy?

A

The study of internal STRUCTURES using specialized visualization techniques (usually using isotopes)

91
Q

What are the essential tools for studying anatomy?

A

Medical terminology knowledge and keen observational skills

92
Q

On what level does physiology often focus on?

A

Cellular and molecular level

93
Q

Know the levels of organization in the body.

A

Atoms, Molecules, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism

94
Q

What necessary life function allows the ability to detect changes in the internal or external environments and respond to them?

A

Responsiveness

95
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions that occur in the body

96
Q

What necessary life function allows an organism to maintain separate internal and external environments or separate internal chemical environments?

A

Ability to maintain boundaries

97
Q

What survival need are consumed chemical substances that are used for energy and cell building?

A

Nutrients

98
Q

Why is oxygen a survival need on a chemical level?

A

It is required by chemical reactions that release energy from foods

99
Q

Why would correct atmospheric pressure be a survival need?

A

So that proper gas exchange occurs in the lungs

100
Q

Why is normal body temperature a survival need?

A

For chemical reactions (binding, breaking, and reforming bonds) to occur at a proper rate (too cold = too slow, too hot = denaturation of proteins)

101
Q

What is a variable in terms of homeostatic control?

A

The regulated factor or event (temperature, blood glucose level)

102
Q

What parts of the body are the control center?

A

Brain and spinal cord

103
Q

What two systems are important to the maintenance of homestasis?

A

Endocrine system (hormones used as stimuli) and the nervous system

104
Q

Are positive feedback mechanisms used for frequent or infrequent events?

A

Infrequent

105
Q

What are directional terms used to explain?

A

Where one body part is in relation to another

106
Q

What are the 7 directional terms?

A 
Medial (Towards the midline)
Lateral (Away from the midline)
Intermediate (In between two locations)
Proximal (Towards the trunk)
Distal (away from the trunk)
Superficial (towards the skin)
Deep (away from the skin towards the internal organs)
107
Q

Study the Regional Terms

A

Slides 24-25 (non familiar ones are already in slide deck)

108
Q

What are body planes?

A

Flat surfaces that lie at right angles to one another

109
Q

What plane is a vertical plane that separates the body into right and left parts?

A

Sagittal Plane (Parasagittal and Midsagittal)

110
Q

What is a frontal plane?

A

A vertical plane that separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

111
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (caudal or towards the head) and inferior (towards feet) parts

112
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Spaces within the body that are closed to the outside and contain internal organs

113
Q

What body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?

A

Dorsal body cavity (think of a dorsal fin on a dolphin - spinal cord connects to the brain so they go together)

114
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the dorsal cavity?

A

Cranial cavity (skull and brain) and vertebral cavity (vertebral column or spine and spinal cord)

115
Q

What are serous membranes (serosae)?

A

A membrane that covers the inner walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surface of organs (it just lines the internal organs)

116
Q

What does the ventral body cavity contain?

A

The body organs (viscera)

117
Q

What abdominopelvic region would contain the bladder?

A

Hypogastric region

118
Q

What abdominopelvic region would contain the spleen?

A

Left hypochondriac region

SPLEEN IS PART OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

119
Q

What are the 4 body cavities that touch the outside environment?

A

Oral/digestive (mouth and anus)
Nasal (in and behind the nose)
Orbital (eyes)
Middle ear (in the skull and hold the hearing bones)

120
Q

What are the two forms of energy?

A

Kinetic energy (motion)

Potential energy (stored)

121
Q

What is known as the capacity to do work?

A

Energy

122
Q

What 4 elements make up 96% of our bodies by weight ?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

123
Q

Which one does not have a weight - protons, neutrons, electrons?

A

Electrons

124
Q

What does the atomic number tell us about an element?

A

The number of protons
(indirectly it tells us the number of electrons since atoms are neutral and the number of electrons must equal the number of protons)

125
Q

How would you get the mass number of an element?

A

Adding the number of protons and neutrons

126
Q

What is the atomic weight of an element?

A

The average of the relative weights of all known isotopes of an element

127
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

Heavy, unstable isotopes that decompose into more stable forms

128
Q

What is the difference between elements and compounds when talking about molecules?

A

Elements are two or more of the SAME element combining

Compounds are two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements combine

129
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Substances made of two or more components that are mixed physically

130
Q

What is another name for colloid (heterogenous mixtures that are milky and have larger solute particles that do not settle out of a solution)?

A

Emulsion

131
Q

What region of an atom do electrons occupy?

A

Electron shells (surround the nucleus of atom in layers)

132
Q

What type of bond forms between two atoms that transfer one or more electrons from one atom to another?

A

Ionic bonds

133
Q

What is a crystal?

A

Large structures of cations (+) and anions (-) that are held together by ionic bonds

134
Q

What bond is formed when electrons are shared between 2 atoms?

A

Covalent bonds

135
Q

How would a reaction achieve chemical equilibrium?

A

When the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

136
Q

When does replication occur in cell growth (what phase of the cycle)?

A

Replication occurs during the S phase

137
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into proteins

138
Q

How are high-energy bonds of ATP broken in order to release energy?

A 
By hydrolysis (splitting of molecule using water)
ATP + H20 -> ADP +Pi (inorganic phosphate)
139
Q

What is known as the fundamental unit of life?

A

The cell

Physiology (17 decks)

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