Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Is skeletal cartilage innervated? Is it vascular?

A

No, skeletal cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three types of skeletal cartilage?

A

Elastic
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions hyaline cartilage in skeletal cartilage?

A

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience

has only collagen fibers- remember collagen fibers are the thickest fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between hyaline and elastic cartilage?

A

They are similar to hyaline but contains elastic fibers (stretch and recoil so it would be located in the external ears and epiglottis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where would you find fibrocartilage in the body?

A

in between vertebrae and knees where there is great tensile strength (pushing forces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where would you find fibrocartilage in the body?

A

in between vertebrae and knees where there is great tensile strength (pushing forces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral and growth factor storage 
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride storage
Hormone production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of bone textures?

A

Compact (dense outer layer, smooth and solid)

Spongy (honeycomb looking trabeculae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 parts of they typical long bone?

A

Diaphysis (compact bone surrounding medullary cavity)

Epiphyses (Bone ends - external compact bones and internal spongy bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cartilage covers bone ends?

A

articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the periosteum located?

A

On the outside of the compact bone of the diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the medullary cavity lined by?

A

Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is blood made?

A

In the red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is red bone marrow located?

A

In the trabecular (honeycomb) parts of the spongy bones and the dipole of flat bones (the thin plates of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone-skull)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the red marrow located in new borns?

A

Medullary cavities and the spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe short bones.

A

Somewhat cube shaped and include the carpals, tarsals, and patellas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe flat bones and where you would find them in the body.

A 
Thin, flattened, often curved bones
Skull 
Sternum
Scapulae
Ribs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe irregular bones and where you would find them in the body.

A

Have complicated shapes that do not fit any other category of bone.
Vertebrae and coxae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the epiphyseal line located and what does it tell about a person?

A

It is located between the epiphyses and diaphysis and is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate
(if the plate turns into a line, that person is done growing length wise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the location of osteogenic cells (stem cells of the bone)?

A

Periosteum (the external surface of the bone)

Endosteum ( connective tissue that lines the internal surface of the bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 5 major cell types of bone tissue?

A 
Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Bone lining cells
Osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is another name for osteogenic cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where would you find osteogenic cells in the bone and what do they do?

A

Periosteum and endosteum
Mitotically active stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells

BONE STEM CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are osteoblasts and what do they secrete?

A

They are the bone forming cells (mitotically active)
Secrete unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid

SECRETE BONE MATRIX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are osteocytes and what do they do?

A

They are mature bone cells
Monitor and maintain bone matrix (sense stress or strain to regulate bone remodeling)

MONITOR AND MAINTAIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are bone lining cells and what are they called on external bones? On internal surfaces?

A

Flat cells that help maintenance of bone
Periosteal cells on surface
Endosteal cells on internal (Endo-Into)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Hematopoietic (blood stem cells) stem cells that become macrophages

27
Q

What are osteoclasts and what do they do?

A

Giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption
(active - in resorption bay and have ruffles)
(they look like broken chips so think of bays and lays/ ruffles)

28
Q

What organic components of bone provide structure, tensile strength and flexibility?

A

Cells, Osteoid and collagen

29
Q

What kind of bonds are in or between collagen?

A

Sacrificial (stretch and break easily to prevent fracture and these bonds usually reform)

30
Q

What is the main inorganic component of bone?

A

Hydroxyapatites
(mineral salts - mainly tiny calcium phosphate crystals around collagen fibers to allow compression and increase hardness)

31
Q

What are the two types of postnatal bone growth?

A

Interstitial (longitudinal) growth

Appositional (horizontal or thickness) growth

32
Q

Where does interstitial growth occur?

A

At the growth plate (length is increased in bone)

33
Q

What happens when the epiphyseal plate closes?

A

The bone lengthening stops and the epiphysis then fuses to the diaphysis

34
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

The widening of the bone (occurs throughout life)

35
Q

How does appositional growth occur?

A

Osteoblasts (building up) secrete bone matrix on external bone
Osteoclasts remove bone on endosteal surface (usually more building up than breaking down bone)

36
Q

How does the growth hormone affect bone growth?

A

Stimulates the epiphyseal plate activity (lengthening of bone)

37
Q

How does the thyroid hormone affect bone growth?

A

Modulates activity of bone growth (controls)

38
Q

How do testosterone and estrogens affect bone growth?

A

Promote adolescent growth spurts and end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

39
Q

How often is spongey bone replaced? Compact bone?

A

Spongy bone is replaced every 3-4 years

Compact bone is replaced every 10 years

40
Q

Why do our bones need to be recycled and replaced?

A

The older the bone is the more brittle it becomes

Calcium will crystalize and fracture more easily

41
Q

What are the 2 bone remodeling units?

A

Adjacent osteoblasts (deposit) and osteoclasts (resorption)

42
Q

What are the two loops that bone remodeling is controlled is controlled by?

A

Negative feedback hormonal loop for Ca2+ homeostasis

Responses to mechanical and gravitational forces

43
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

44
Q

How is calcium stored in the body?

A

As bone

45
Q

What would happen if our blood calcium levels were too low?

A

Osteoclasts would resorb bone to increase the levels of calcium

46
Q

What are the two hormones that control blood Calcium levels?

A 
Parathyroid hormone (produced by parathyroid glands)
Calcitonin (produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland)
47
Q

What hormone would stimulate the release of calcium from bone?

A

Parathyroid hormone

48
Q

What hormone would temporarily decrease the levels of calcium in the blood?

A

Calcitonin

49
Q

What would happen if blood calcium levels were too low?

A

Hyperexcitability of muscles (think of tetanus and constant contraction- causes spasms)

50
Q

What would happen if blood calcium levels were too high?

A

Nonresponsiveness

51
Q

What hormone inhibits osteoblasts?

A

Leptin (released by adipose tissue- the hormone that tells us to stop eating think of the fat rats)

52
Q

What neurotransmitter regulates mood and sleep and interferes with osteoblast activity?

A

Serotonin (released into blood after eating)

53
Q

If you are right handed, would the left or right radius be larger?

A

The right radius due to more mechanical stress on it throughout the years

54
Q

What control determines whether and when remodeling of bones occur due to changing blood calcium levels?

A

Hormonal control

55
Q

What stress determines where bone remodeling occurs?

A

Mechanical stress

56
Q

If a child has bowed legs and many other bone deformities, what disease would they most likely have and what is this caused by?

A

Rickets (osteomalacia of children)

Vitamin D deficiency or lack of calcium in diet (weak bones)

57
Q

What is happening in the bone during osteoporosis?

A

The bone resorption outpaces or beats out bone deposit (osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts which would increase fractures)

58
Q

Who is most at risk for osteoporosis?

A

Aged menopausal women (low sex hormone levels which maintain bone health and density)
Usually caucasian women are more susceptible to bone fractures

59
Q

If a patient is taking androgen-suppressing drugs, what bone disease would you be cautious of for that patient?

A

Osteoporosis (need the sex hormones for density)

60
Q

What are the 4 treatments for osteoporosis?

A

Calcium intake
Vitamin D supplements
Weight bearing exercise
Hormone replacement therapy

61
Q

What do bisphosphonates do for osteoporosis?

A

Decrease the activity of osteoclasts so osteoblasts have a chance to catch up

62
Q

How do statins help with osteoporosis?

A

They lower cholesterol and also increase bone density

63
Q

What drug improves bone density in the elderly and also reduces fractures for men with prostate cancer?

A

Denosumab (Monoclonal antibody)

64
Q

What drug mimics estrogen without targeting the breasts and uterus so that bones can gain density?

A

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

65
Q

What is happening in the bone during Paget’s DIsease?

A

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption (quality is low while quantity is high - too much spongy bone and not enough compact bone)

66
Q

When in life does bone formation exceed resorption?

A

During childhood and adolescents (when there is still and epiphyseal plate)

Physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions