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Physiology > respiratory system ch 22 > Flashcards

respiratory system ch 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major function of the respiratory system?

A

Respiration

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2
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

-To supply the body with oxygen
-Dispose of carbon dioxide waste products

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3
Q

Besides respiration what are two other functions of the respiratory system?

A

-Olfaction (smell)
-Speech

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4
Q

What are the four processes of respiration?

A

-Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
-External respiration
-Transport
-Internal respiration

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5
Q

What happens during pulmonary ventilation?

A

Movement of air into and out of lungs

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6
Q

What happens during external respiration?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and blood

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7
Q

What happens during transport?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood is transported

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8
Q

What happens during internal respiration?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the blood and tissues

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9
Q

What is the respiratory zone used for?

A

gas exchange

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10
Q

What are the microscopic structures in the respiratory zone?

A

Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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11
Q

What is the conducting zone used for?

A

channel that cleanses, warms, and humidifies air at gas exchange sites

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12
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

promotes ventilation or breathing

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13
Q

How many orders of branching do air passages undergo?

A

23

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14
Q

What are the 23 branches called?

A

bronchial tree (respiratory)

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15
Q

Where does each bronchus enter the lung?

A

Hilum

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16
Q

What does the bronchus branch into?

A

Lobar (secondary) bronchi

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17
Q

Starting with the primary bronchus and ending with the alveoli, what are the different segments of the lung?

A

Bronchus, lobar bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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18
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange in the lung?

A

alveoli

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19
Q

What is the respiratory membrane made up of?

A

-Alveolar
-Capillary walls

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20
Q

What type of diffusion happens during gas exchange in the membrane?

A

simple

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21
Q

What type of cells are in the alveolar walls?

A

-Type I
-Type II

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22
Q

What makes up Type I alveolar cells?

A

single layer of squamous epithelium

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23
Q

What is secreted by Type II alveolar cells?

A

-Surfactant
-Antimicrobial proteins

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24
Q

What connects adjacent alveoli?

A

Alveolar pores

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25
Q

What do alveolar pores do for the lung?

A

equalize air pressure through out the lung

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26
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do?

A

keep alveolar surfaces sterile

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27
Q

What are the three parts of the lung?

A

-Apex
-Base
-Hilum

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28
Q

What part of the lung is the apex?

A

superior tip

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29
Q

What part of the lung is the base?

A

inferior surface; rest on diaphragm

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30
Q

What is the site for entry/exit of the lungs?

A

Hilum

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31
Q

True/False: the right side of the lung is larger than the left side

A

True

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32
Q

what is the smallest subdivision of the lungs, visible to the naked eye?

A

lobules

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33
Q

What are the lobules served by?

A

bronchioles and their branches

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34
Q

what do the pulmonary arteries do?

A

deliver systemic venous blood (CO2 blood from tissues) to lungs for oxygenation

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35
Q

what do the pulmonary veins do?

A

carry oxygenated blood from the respiratory zones (lungs) to the heart

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36
Q

What does lung capillary endothelium contain?

A

enzymes that act on substances in the blood

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37
Q

what does ACE do

A

activate blood pressure hormone

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38
Q

what do bronchiole arteries do?

A

provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue

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39
Q

what are bronchiole veins?

A

anastomose with pulmonary veins

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40
Q

what is the pleurae made up of?

A

thin double layered serosa

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41
Q

what does the pleura do?

A

divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

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42
Q

Where is the parietal pleura located?

A

-thoracic wall
-superior face of diaphragm
-around the heart
-between lungs

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43
Q

Where is the visceral pleura located

A

on the external lung surface

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44
Q

what does the pleural fluid do?

A

fills slitlike pleural cavity by lubrication and surface tension

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45
Q

what are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

A

-Inspiration
-Expiration

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46
Q

What is inspiration?

A

gases flow into the lungs

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47
Q

What is expiration?

A

gasses flow out of lungs

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48
Q

What kind of pressure is exerted by air?

A

atmospheric pressure

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49
Q

what is the pressure in the alveolar called?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

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50
Q

what is the intrapulmonary pressure always eventually equalize with?

A

atmospheric pressure

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51
Q

what is the pressure in the pleural cavity called?

A

Intrapleural pressure

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52
Q

True/False: the intrapleural pressure is always positive compared to the atmospheric pressure

A

False

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53
Q

what does a transpulmonary pressure do

A

keeps airways open
increase transpulmonary pressure –> larger lungs

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54
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

lung collapse

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55
Q

what causes atelectasis?

A

-plugged bronchioles
-pneumothorax

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56
Q

what is pneumothorax?

A

air in the pleural cavity

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57
Q

What does pulmonary ventilation depend on?

A

volume changes in the thoracic cavity

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58
Q

what does pressure change cause in the lung?

A

causes gases to flow to equalize pressure

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59
Q

what is boyle’s law

A

relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
-P1V1=P2V2

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60
Q

True/False: inspiration is a passive process

A

False

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61
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles that contract?

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

62
Q

what does force inspiration do?

A

increase volume in the lungs

63
Q

True/False: expiration is a passive process

A

True

64
Q

How does volume decrease in the lungs during respiration?

A

elastic lungs recoil

65
Q

when is expiration active?

A

when it is forced

66
Q

what are the three physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation?

A

-airway resistance
-alveolar surface tension
-lung compliance

67
Q

What is the major non elastic source of resistance to gas flow?

A

friction

68
Q

is flow inversely related or directly related to resistance?

A

inversely

69
Q

True/False: resistance is usually insignificant

A

True

70
Q

Where does resistance disappear in the lungs?

A

terminal bronchioles

71
Q

True/False: epinephrine constricts bronchioles

A

False

72
Q

What attracts liquid molecules to one another at gas-liquid interface

A

surface tension

73
Q

what molecule has high surface tension

A

water

74
Q

What is surfactant?

A

detergent like lipid in protein complex that reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

75
Q

what makes surfactant?

A

Type II alveolar cells

76
Q

What causes infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

insufficient quantity in premature infants
(alveoli collapse after each breath)

77
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

measure of change in lung volume

78
Q

What causes high lung compliance?

A

distensibility of lung tissue and surfactant

79
Q

what causes diminished lung compliance?

A

fibrosis, reduced production of surfactant, and decreased flexibility

80
Q

what is total respiratory compliance decreased by?

A

-deformities of thorax
-ossification of costal cartilage
-paralysis of intercostal muscles

81
Q

what are the 4 volumes used to express respiratory status?

A

-tidal volume
-inspiratory reserve volume
-expiratory reserve volume
-residual volume

82
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

83
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after tidal volume

84
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume

85
Q

what is residual volume?

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

86
Q

what is anatomical dead space?

A

air remaining in the passage ways
(no contribute to gas exchange)

87
Q

what is alveolar dead space?

A

non-functional alveoli

88
Q

what is total dead space?

A

anatomical and alveolar dead space

89
Q

True/False: dead space is usually changing

A

False

90
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

total amunt of fas flow into or out of respiratory tract in one minute

91
Q

what is alveolar ventilation rate?

A

flow of gases into or out of alveoli during a particular time

92
Q

What are the some examples of nonrespiratory air movements?

A

-Cough
-Sneeze
-Crying
-Laughing
-Hiccups
-Yawns

93
Q

What is dalton’s law of partial pressure?

A

total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of pressures exerted by each gas

94
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

Gas mixtures in contact with liquid

95
Q

True/False: alveoli contain more CO2 and water vapor than atmospheric air

A

True

96
Q

Why does alveoli contain more CO2 and water vaport than atmospheric air?

A

Because CO2 goes into alveoli, alveoli humidifies air, alveolar gas is mixed with each breath

97
Q

TF: Respiratory membrane has a large total surface area

A

True
for gas exchange

98
Q

What can cause an reduction in surface area of the respiratory membrane?

A

Emphysema, tumors, inflammation and mucus

99
Q

There is a steep partial pressure gradient for _____ in lungs

A. CO2
B.Surfactant
C. Bicarb
D. O2

A

D. O2

100
Q

Why is there a smaller partial pressure gradient for CO2 in the lungs than Oxygen when they both diffuse in equal amounts?

A

CO2 is twenty times more soluble in the plasma than oxygen

101
Q

_____ - blood flow reaching alveoli

A. Perfusion
B. Ventilation

A

A. Perfusion

102
Q

_____-amount of gas reaching alveoli
A. Perfusion
B. Ventilation

A

B. Ventilation

103
Q

What are the two reasons ventilation and perfusion are never balanced for all alveoli?

A

-Regional variations (gravity on blood and air flow)
-Some alveolar ducts plugged with mucus

104
Q

Where alveolar O2 is high, arterioles ____
A. Dilate
B. Constrict

A

A. Dialate

105
Q

Where alveolar CO2 is high, bronchioles _____

A

Dilate

106
Q

How is most molecular O2 carried in the blood?

A

By loosely binding to each Fe of hemoglobin

107
Q

What helps loading and unloading of O2 of hemoglobin?

A

Change in shape of hemoglobin
(more that is bound to Hb the higher the affinity it has for O2)

108
Q

How many oxygens are carried by one heme? during full saturation

A

4

109
Q

What 5 factors affect the rate of loading and unloading of O2?

A

Po2
Temp
Blood pH
Pco2
Concentration of BPG

110
Q

What produces BPG?

A

Red blood cells during glycolysis

111
Q

When does the concentration of BPG increase?

A

When O2 levels are very low

112
Q

What happens to blood Hb saturation when you are at a higher altitude (lower PO2)

A

Hb saturation decreases

113
Q

What does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve show?

A

Hemoglobin saturated agains PO2 (not linear)

114
Q

What is the venous reserve?

A

Oxygen remaining in venous blood

115
Q

What causes increase release of O2 by hemoglobin?

A

Increase of blood Pco2 and H+
Declining bood pH
Bohr effect
Heat production increases (increased oxygen unloading to active tissues)

116
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Oxygen only unloaded where it is needed most
(Hb-O2 bond weakens)

117
Q

What are the 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved in plasma
Bound to globin of hemoglobin
Transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma

118
Q

In what form of CO2 is most of it transported in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate ions in the plasma

119
Q

What enzyme reversibly and rapidly catalyzes the break down of H2CO3 into water and CO2?

A

Carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells

120
Q

In systemic capillaries _____ quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma

A

HCO3-

121
Q

What is chloride shift in systemic capillaries?

A

Outrush of bicarbonate from RBCs balanced as CL- moves into the RBCs from plasma
AKA when chloride goes out of RBCs, bicarb comes in to replace the missing negative charge

122
Q

What moves into the red blood cells in pulmonary capillaries?

A

Bicarbonate

123
Q

What does bicarb bind to to form H2CO3?

A

H+ ion

124
Q

What is H2CO3 split into and by what?

A

Carbonic anhydrase splits H2CO3 into water and co2

125
Q

What happens to the CO2 that split from H2CO3?

A

It diffuses into the alveoli

126
Q

What is the amount of CO2 transported affected by?

A

Po2

127
Q

What happens if there is less oxygen saturation?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin is formed and is able buffer H+ more easily and more CO2 is transported in the blood

128
Q

What does the Haladane effect encourage?

A

CO2 exchange in tissues and lungs

129
Q

What does the arbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system do?

A

Resists changes in blood pH

130
Q

What is an alkaline reserve of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

A

HCO3-

131
Q

What kind of breathing causes increased CO2 in the blood and increased acidity of the blood?

A

Slow and shallow breathing

132
Q

What kind of breathing decreases co2 in the blood and increases pH?

A

Rapid, deep breathing

133
Q

What is involved in the control of respiration?

A

Higher brain centers
Chemoreceptors
Other reflexes

134
Q

Where are neurons located that control respiration?

A

Medulla
Pons

135
Q

What are the two medullary respiratory centers?

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

136
Q

What does the VRG do?

A

Creates rhythm of breathing
Integrative center

137
Q

What is eupnea?

A

Breaths per minute
usually 12-15

138
Q

The VRG has what kind of neurons to excite inspiratory muscles? What nerves allows this excitment?

A

Inspiratory neurons excite
Phrenic and intercostal nerves allow

139
Q

What does the DRG do?

A

Integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors
Sends information to the VRG

140
Q

What do the pontine respiratory centers do?

A

Influence and modify activity of VRG
Smooth out transition between inspiration and expiration
Transmits impulses to VRG to modify and fine tun breathing rhythms

141
Q

What is one hypothesis that explains the generation of respiratory rhythm?

A

Pacemaker neurons with intrinsic rhythmicity

142
Q

What is breathing depth determined by?

A

How actively respiratory center stimulates respiratory muscles

143
Q

What is breathing rate determined by?

A

How long inspiratory center is active

144
Q

What senses change in breathing depth and rate?

A

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors

145
Q

What chemical factor is most important for gas exchange and maintenance of pH of blood?

A

Carbon dioxide

146
Q

What happens to the brain if blood CO2 levels rise?

A

CO2 accumulates in the brain
CO2 in brain is hydrated to make carbonic acid
Carbonic acid is dissociated releasing H+ (decrease pH)

147
Q

What happens to breathing when CO2 levels rise?

A

Breathing depth is increased and so is the rate of breathing to increase pH

148
Q

What happens to blood CO2 levels during hyperventiation?

A

Decrease in blood CO2
Cerebral vasoconstriction and maybe stroke
May pass out

149
Q

What is apnea?

A

Breathing cessation

150
Q

Where does PO2 influence respiration?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies

151
Q

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

A

Rising CO2 levels

152
Q

What happens during Hering-Breuer Reflex?

A

Stretch receptors in pleurae and airways stimulated by lung inflation
Sends inhibitory signals to medulla to end inhalation

Physiology (17 decks)

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