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Physiology > Chapter 11 A > Flashcards

Chapter 11 A Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Master controlling and communicating system of the body

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2
Q

How do cells communicate?

A

By electrical and chemical signals

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3
Q

How fast do cells respond to electrical and chemical signals?

A

Almost immediately

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4
Q

TF: Cell communication is slow and specific

A

False

Cell communication is fast and specific

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5
Q

What are the three functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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6
Q

How is sensory input gathered?

A

By the sensory receptors that notice internal and external changes

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7
Q

What is integration?

A

Processing and interpretation of sensory input

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8
Q

What is motor output?

A

Activation of effector organs that produce a response

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9
Q

What are the effector organs of the nervous system?

A

Muscles and glands

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10
Q

What are the two main divisions of the Nervous system?

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

What is held within the CNS?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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12
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

It is the integration and control center so it dictates motor output

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13
Q

Where is the PNS?

A

outside CNS

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14
Q

What does the PNS hold?

A

Nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

What nerves are in the PNS?

A 
Spinal nerves (spinal cord)
Cranial nerves (brain)
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16
Q

What are the main divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory (afferent)

Motor (efferent)

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17
Q

What are the two different fibers held in the sensory division of the PNS?

A

Somatic sensory fibers (from non internal organs to CNS)

Visceral sensory fibers (carries impulse from visceral organs to CNS)

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18
Q

What does the motor (efferent) division of the PNS do?

A

Transmits impulses from CNS to effector organ (muscles and glands)

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19
Q

What are the two divisions of the Motor division of the PNS?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

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20
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system house?

A

Visceral motor nerve fibers (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)

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21
Q

What does the somatic nervous system house?

A

Somatic motor neurons

from CNS to skeletal muscle

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22
Q

TF: the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are voluntary

A

False
The SNS is voluntary
The ANS is involuntary

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23
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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24
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Mobilizes body systems when they are active

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25
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Conserves energy to maintain the body’s house keeping during rest

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26
Q

How is nervous tissue arranged?

A

They are highly cellular with little extracellular space so they are tightly packed

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27
Q

What are the two different cell types of nervous tissue?

A

Neuroglia and Neurons

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28
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

They surround and wrap delicate neurons

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29
Q

What are the different types of Neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes

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30
Q

What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

A 
They support/brace neurons
Help with exchange between capillaries and neurons
Guide young neurons
Control chemical environment
Respond to nerve impulses 
Influence neural functioning

(they are basically the mother cells of the CNS)

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31
Q

What is the most abundant type of neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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32
Q

What type of cells are astrocytes?

A

Neuroglia but they are considered highly branched glial cells

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33
Q

Where are astrocytes in the CNS?

A

They are clung to the neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries

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34
Q

What are the functions of microglial cells?

A

They can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris
(janitors of the CNS)

Important in immune functions in the CNS

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35
Q

What is the structural make up of microglial cells of the CNS?

A

They are small
Ovoid cells
Have thorny processes (extensions) that touch and monitor neurons

They move to injured cells to complete function

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36
Q

What kind of cells can ependymal cells be?

A

Squamous to columnar and can be ciliated

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37
Q

Why are ependymal cells of the CNS usually ciliated?

A

To move cerebrospinal fluid throughout the CNS

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38
Q

Where are ependymal cells of the CNS located?

A

They are in the lining of central cavities of brain and spinal column

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39
Q

What is the function of Ependymal cells in the CNS?

A

They form a PERMEABLE barrier between the CSF in cavities and tissue fluid bathing the CNS cells

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40
Q

What do Oligodendrocytes do in the CNS?

A

They wrap CNS nerve fibers to form insulating myelin sheaths for thicker nerve fibers

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41
Q

What are the two types of neuroglia in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

42
Q

What do schwann cells of the PNS do?

A

They surround all peripheral nerve fibers to form myelin sheaths in the thicker nerve fibers (like oligodendrocytes in the CNS)
Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

43
Q

What is another name for Schwann cells?

A

Neurolemmocytes

44
Q

What do satellite cells in the PNS do?

A

Surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS

They are similar to astrocytes in the CNS

45
Q

What do neurons do?

A

They are excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals

46
Q

What is the structural unit of the nervous system?

A

Neurons

47
Q

What are neurons?

A

Highly specialized cells that conduct impulses

48
Q

How long do neurons last?

A

A 100 years or more but they are amitotic so they do not produce new cells when old ones are damaged

49
Q

Why do neurons need a constant supply of oxygen and glucose?

A

They have a high metabolic rate

50
Q

What do all neurons have?

A

a cell body and 1 or more processes

51
Q

What are cell bodies of neurons?

A

The biosynthetic center of the neuron

52
Q

What do cell bodies do?

A

Synthesize proteins, membranes, and other chemicals

53
Q

What are the cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

Nuclei

clusters of neuronal cell bodies in CNS

54
Q

Where are most of the cell bodies found?

A

In the CNS

55
Q

What are cell bodies in the PNS called?

A

Ganglia

56
Q

Where are the ganglia in the PNS?

A

They lie along nerves in the PNS

57
Q

What are processes of neurons?

A

Armlike processes that extend from body

58
Q

What are tracts?

A

bundle of neuronal processes in CNS

59
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of neuronal processes in the PNS

60
Q

What are dendrites?

A

100s of short tapering diffusely branched processes in motor neurons

61
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Carries incoming messages to cell body as graded potentials

62
Q

Where do axons arise from?

A

The axon hillock coming off of the cell body

63
Q

How many axons are in each cell?

A

One

64
Q

What are the branches coming off of axons called?

A

Axon collaterals

65
Q

Where are axon collaterals found?

A

In the axon terminal

66
Q

What do axons do?

A

They are the conducting region of the neuron and create nerve impulses that are transmitted along neuron cell membrane

67
Q

What is the axolemma?

A

The neuron cell membrane where impulses travel in the axon

68
Q

What happens at the axon terminal?

A

Neurotransmitters are released into the extracellular space

69
Q

What can axon terminals do?

A

Excite or inhibit neurons near by

70
Q

What is a good thing about the axon lacking a golgi and a rough ER? Bad thing?

A

Good-allows for efficient transport mechanism

Bad- quickly decay if they are damaged

71
Q

Where are proteins regenerated within a neuron?

A

The cell body

72
Q

What moves molecules and organelles along the axon?

A

Motor proteins and cytoskeletal elements

73
Q

What does anterograde mean?

A

Movement away from the cell body

74
Q

What does retrograde mean?

A

Movement to the cell body

75
Q

When does retrograde happen in the neuron?

A

When organelles need to be degraded
When signal molecules need to go to the cell body
When viruses and bacterial toxins enter the neuron

76
Q

What cell parts participate in anterograde?

A

Mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements, membrane components, and enzymes

77
Q

What is the myelin sheath composed of?

A

Myelin

78
Q

What is myelin?

A

Whitish, protein, lipoid substance

79
Q

What does myelin do?

A

Protects and electrically insulates the axon

Increases the speed of nerve impulses

80
Q

What forms the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

81
Q

TF: there are channels and carriers in the plasma membrane of schwann cells to allow impulses and chemicals in the myelin?

A

False

The plasma membrane of the schwann cells have no proteins in them

82
Q

Where are the channels and carriers found in the PNS?

A

In the nodes or gaps between each schwann cell

83
Q

How is the myelin sheath formed in the CNS?

A

By multiple flat processes of oligodendrocytes

84
Q

How many axons can 1 oligodendrocyte wrap around at once?

A

Up to 60

85
Q

What is the white matter?

A

Regions of the brain and spinal cord (CNS) with dense collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)

86
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Mostly neuronal cell bodies and non myelinated fibers in the CNS

87
Q

How are neurons structurally grouped?

A

By the number of processes

88
Q

What are the three structural groups of neurons?

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

89
Q

What is multipolar neuron?

A

When the neuron has 3 or more processes (1 axon and other dendrites- mainly seen in the CNS)

90
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

Where the neuron has two processes
(1 axon and 1 dendrite)
Rare (retina and olfactory mucosa)

91
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

When a neuron has 1 short process that divides like a T into axon branches
(distal - sensory, proximal- enters CNS)

92
Q

How are neurons functionally classified?

A

By the direction in which nerve impulses travel through relative to the CNS

93
Q

What are the 3 functional groups of neurons?

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Interneurons (association neurons)

94
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

They transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

usually all unipolar

95
Q

Where are the cell bodies for sensory neurons?

A

In the ganglia of the PNS

96
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

They transmit impulses from the CNS to the effectors

Multipolar

97
Q

Where are most of the cell bodies for motor neurons?

A

In the CNS

98
Q

Where are interneurons?

A

Between motor and sensory neurons

99
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Shuttle signals through CNS pathways

100
Q

Where are interneurons mainly located?

A

In the CNS

101
Q

What are 99% of the body’s neurons?

A

Interneurons

Physiology (17 decks)

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