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Physiology > Chapter 16 P2 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 P2 Flashcards

1
Q

What action does growth hormone have on metabolism?

A

Increases blood levels of fatty acids and glucose by glycogen breakdown (anti-insulin effect).

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2
Q

What indirect actions does growth hormone have on growth?

A

Mediates growth via growth-promoting proteins –

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).

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3
Q

What do IGFs stimulate?

A

Increased protein synthesis; cell growth and proliferation.

Formation of collagen and deposition of bone matrix.

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4
Q

What are the major targets for growth hormone?

A

bone and skeletal muscle.

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5
Q

What regulates GH release?

A

Hypothalamus hormones

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6
Q

What hormones stimulates release of GH?

A

Growth hormone–releasing hormone

GHRH

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7
Q

What hormone inhibits release of growth hormone?

A

Growth hormone–inhibiting hormone

GHIH) (somatostatin

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8
Q

What hunger hormones stimulates release of GH?

A

Ghrelin

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9
Q

What does hypersecretion of GH cause in adults and in children?

A

Gigantism in children

Acromegaly in adults

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10
Q

What does hyposecretion of growth hormone cause in children?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

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11
Q

What does thyrotropin do?

A

Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid.

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12
Q

What hormones triggers the release of Thyrotropin?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is TSH inhibited by?

A

Rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on pituitary and hypothalamus

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14
Q

What does corticotropin do?

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release

corticosteroids.

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15
Q

What triggers the release of ACTH (what hormone)?

A

Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone

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16
Q

What external and internal factors alters release of ACTH?

A

Fever
Hypoglycemia
Stressors

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17
Q

What are the two gonadotropins?

A

FSH

LH

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18
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates gamete production

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19
Q

What does LH do?

A

Promotes production of gonadal hormones

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20
Q

When are gonadotropins seen in the blood?

A

After puberty hits

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21
Q

What triggers release of Gonadotropins?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone during and after puberty

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22
Q

What suppresses gonadotropins?

A

Gonadal hormones (feedback inhibition)

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23
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates milk production

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24
Q

What is PRL release controlled by?

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

25
Q

When does PRL blood levels rise?

A

towards the end of pregnancy

26
Q

What are the two lateral loves of the thyroid gland connected by?

27
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of?

A

Follicles that produce glycoprotein thyroglobulin

28
Q

What fills the lumen of follicles?

A

Colloid (has thyroglobulin and iodine)

29
Q

What is the precursor to thyroid hormones?

30
Q

What do parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce?

A

Calcitonin

31
Q

How many hormones are in thyroid hormone and what are they?

A

T4 thyroxine

T3 triiodothyronine

32
Q

How many iodines are attached to T4?

33
Q

What hormone affects virtually every cell in the body?

A

Thyroid hormone

34
Q

What is required for TH stimulus?

35
Q

What hormone is the major metabolic hormone?

A

Thyroid hormone

36
Q

What does thyroid hormone do?

A

Increases metabolic rate and heat production

37
Q

What does thyroid hormone regulate?

A

Tissue growth and development
(development of skeletal and nervous system)
(reproductive capabilities)

38
Q

What does thyroid hormone maintain?

A

Blood pressure

39
Q

What are the thyroid hormones transported by?

A

Thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs)

40
Q

Is t3 or t4 more active in binding?

41
Q

What converts T4 to T3?

A

Peripheral tissues

42
Q

What kind of mechanism regulates TH release?

A

Negative feedback

43
Q

What is the result of hyposecretion of TH in adults?

A

Myxedema
Goiter
(lack of iodine)

44
Q

What results from hyposecretion of TH in infants?

45
Q

What is the most common type of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ disease

46
Q

What is calcitonin produced by?

A

Parafollicular C cells

47
Q

What is the antagonist to PTH?

A

Calcitonin

48
Q

What happens when calcitonin levels are too high?

A

Inhibition of osteoclasts activity and release of Ca2+ from bone (decrease in Ca levels in blood)

49
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

Embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid

50
Q

What do parathyroid cells secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone

51
Q

What is the most important hormone in Calcium homeostasis?

52
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone stimulate?

A

Osteoclasts

53
Q

What does pth enhance?

A

Reabsorption of calcium by kidneys

54
Q

What does PTH promote?

A

Activation of Vitamin D by kidneys

Increases absorption of calcium by intestinal mucosa

55
Q

What causes hyperparathyroidism?

56
Q

What causes hypoparathyroidism?

A

Gland trauma or removal of dietary magnesium deficiency

57
Q

What does hypothyroidism result in?

A

Tetany
Respiratory paralysis
Death

58
Q

What happens due to hyperthyroidism?

A

Bones soften and deform
Depression of nervous system
Kidney stones due to high Calcium levels

Physiology (17 decks)

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