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Physiology > Quiz 2/ Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 2/ Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 concepts of the cell theory?

A

Cells are the basic unit of life
The activity of an organism depends on the activity of its cells
The biochemical activities of the cell are dictated by their sub-cellular structures
The continuity of life has a cellular basis

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2
Q

What elements are cells primarily composed of?

A

C, H, N and O

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3
Q

What must a human cell contain?

A

The plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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4
Q

What part of the cell is in a constantly changing fluid mosaic?

A

The lipid bilayer

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5
Q

What is the extracellular fluid that is in direct contact with the cell membrane called?

A

The interstitial fluid

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6
Q

What steroid is inside the lipid bilayer and gives the membrane stability?

A

Cholesterol (20% of the lipid bilayer)

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7
Q

What do integral proteins function as in the membrane?

A

Transport proteins (channels and carriers)
Enzymes
Receptors
(are usually transmembrane)

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8
Q

What do peripheral proteins usually function as?

A

Enzymes
Motor proteins (shape change in cell division and muscle contraction)
Cell to cell connections
(loosely attached to integral proteins

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9
Q

What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins?

A 
Transport
Receptors for signal transduction
Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Cell-cell recognition 
Intercellular joining 
Enzymatic activity 
(TRACIE)
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10
Q

What are CAMs?

A

They are cell adhesion molecules that provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration

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11
Q

What type of proteins are considered cell marker and are used in cell-cell recognition?

A

Glycoproteins (proteins bonded to short chains of sugars)

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12
Q

What do lipid rafts contain?

A

Phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol

creates a more stable outermembrane

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13
Q

What are 2 examples of free cells?

A

Blood and semen

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways cells are bound into communities ?

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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15
Q

Explain tight junctions.

A

Create an impermeable junction
No communication between cells
Isolation

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16
Q

How would you explain desmosomes? Where is 1 place that desmosomes are abundant in the body?

A

They anchor cells together at plaques
Like velcro
Use linker proteins (cadherins)
Found in the skin (reduces tearing)

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17
Q

Explain gap junctions.

A

Pores are created called connexons
Open communication between cells (as long as the particles are small)
Found in smooth muscle cells (peristalsis)

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18
Q

What are the two processes that substances cross the membrane?

A 
Passive processes
Active processes (use ATP)
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19
Q

How do substances move in passive processes?

A

Down its concentration gradient (area of high concentration to an area of low concentration)

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20
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion

Filtration

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of diffusion?

A

Simple diffusion
Carrier and channel mediated facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

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22
Q

Where would you see filtration (passive process) occurring in the body?

A

Across capillary walls (alveoli in the lungs)

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23
Q

What is the speed of diffusion dependent upon?

A

Molecule size and temperature

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24
Q

How would you explain diffusion?

A

Molecules move down their concentration gradient (no energy needed)

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25
Q

What are the 3 ways a molecule can diffuse passively through the membrane?

A

If the molecule is lipid soluble (the bilayer is made out of phosphoLIPIDS)
Small enough to pass through membrane channels
Assisted by carrier molecule

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26
Q

What kind of passive process would occur in a non polar, fat soluble molecule passed directly through the membrane?

A

Simple diffusion

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27
Q

What are the two ways facilitated diffusion occurs?

A

If a LIPOPHOBIC molecule binds to a protein carrier
or if it moves through a water-filled channel
(it is polar/ water soluble)

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28
Q

What kind of molecule would be transported through the membrane by a carrier?

A

A larger polar molecule

carriers can become saturated

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29
Q

What kind of molecules would be transported across the membrane by channels?

A

Ions or water (polar small molecules)

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30
Q

What are the two types of aqueous channels used for facilitated diffusion?

A 
Leakage channels (always open)
Gated channels
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31
Q

What kind of channels are used in osmosis?

A

Aquaporins

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32
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of solvent (like water) across selectively permeable membrane
(area of high concentration of solute to low concentration of solute)

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33
Q

What is the measure of total concentration of solute particles known as?

A

Osmolarity

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34
Q

If the membrane is permeable to all molecules, does the volume in and out of the cell change during osmosis?

A

No the volume stays the same since water and ions are moving in opposite directions

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35
Q

When a membrane is impermeable to solutes, what happens to the volume during osmosis?

A

The volume increases where the concentration of solute is higher (only water is moving across the membrane)

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36
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Ability of a solution to alter a cell’s water volume

37
Q

What happens to a cell during an isotonic solution?

A

Cells retain their normal size and shape

same solute and water concentrations inside the cell and outside

38
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Cells lose water and shrink since the solute concentration is more on the outside of the cell (crenation)

39
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

The cell swells as water comes into the cell (hemolysis may occur)

40
Q

When would active transport need to be used to transport molecules across the membrane?

A

If the molecule/solute is
too large for channels
not lipid soluble
cannot move down its concentration gradient

41
Q

What are the two types of active processes?

A

Active transport

Vesicular transport

42
Q

What does active transport require and what are the two different kinds of active transport?

A

Requires carrier proteins (uses ATP to bind specifically and reversibly with substances/ move solutes against concentration gradient)
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport

43
Q

Where does the energy come from in primary active transport (give an example of a pump that does this)?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

Na+-K+ pumps

44
Q

What is the carrier (pump) called in the sodium potassium pump?

A

Na+-K+ ATPase

45
Q

Are membrane channels more permeable to K+ or Na+ leakage/movement?

A

Potassium

46
Q

What does the Sodium potassium pump do?

A

Pumps against Na+ and K+ gradients to maintain a high intracellular K+ and high extracellular Na+ concentration (maintain electrochemical gradient)

47
Q

How many K+ are pumped in and Na+ pumped out from one pump?

A

2 K+ and 3 Na+

use less energy for potassium since the channels are more permeable to it

48
Q

What catches a ride with Na+ as it is pulled into the cell through electrical and chemical gradients?

A

Glucose (not directly using ATP)

49
Q

What kind of transport would be used for large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across membranes?

A

Vesicular transport

active transport that uses vesicles

50
Q

What are the 4 functions of vesicular transport?

A

Endocytosis (enter)
Exocytosis (exit)
Transcytosis (movement across the cell)
Vesicular trafficking

51
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated

52
Q

What kind of endocytosis uses receptors and engulfs large particles and is important in immune fuction?

A

Phagocytosis (has receptors so is slightly selective but the large particles do not attach to the receptors)

53
Q

What kind of endocytosis does the membrane invaginate and take a large gulp from the interstitial fluid?

A

Pinocytosis (no receptors so is not specific at all)

54
Q

What type of endocytosis is the most specific and uses clathrin-coated pits?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis (Solute actually binds to the receptor to see if it needs to take it into the cell)

55
Q

What kind of vesicle is used in exocytosis?

A

A secretory vesicle

remember secretory means the cell is getting rid of something

56
Q

What does the vesicle and membrane use for binding and release?

A

v-SNARES and t-SNARES

vesicle for V and target for T

57
Q

What do lipid rafts serve as in the lipid bilayer?

A

They serve as platforms for receptors

58
Q

What charge does the inner surface of the lipid bilayer carry?

A

-70 mV (a negative charge)
This is why the Na+ wants to come inside the cell - creates an electrical AND chemical gradient for the secondary active transport

59
Q

What do CAMs do?

A

They are glycoproteins that act as attachment sites or signals during embryonic development, wound repair and immunity

60
Q

What is a membrane potential?

A

a voltage across the cell membrane that occurs due to a separation of oppositely charged ions

61
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

Condition where the inside of the cell membrane is negatively charged compared with the outside

62
Q

What are the 3 major elements of cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol, cytoplasmic organelles and cytoplasmic inclusions

63
Q

What do peroxisomes detoxify?

A

Harmful substances such as alcohol, formaldehyde, and free radicals

64
Q

What are the parts of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

65
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

Region near the nucleus that functions to organize microtubules and organize the mitotic spindle during cell division

66
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Small, barrel shaped organelles associated with the centrosome and form bases of cilia and flagella

67
Q

What are fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area?

A

Microvilli

68
Q

What body cell does not have a nucleus?

A

Red blood cells

69
Q

What are the three regions of the nucleus?

A

Nucleoli, Chromatin, nuclear envelope

70
Q

What does the nucleus determine?

A

The kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized within a cell

71
Q

What organelle is continuous with the nuclear envelope?

A

The rough ER

72
Q

What are the nucleoli?

A

Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus that are the sites of assembly of ribosomal subunits and are large in actively growing cells (producing more proteins)

73
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed to the time it reproduces

74
Q

What are the two main periods of cell cycle?

A

Interphase and cell division

75
Q

What is interphase?

A

the period from cell formation to cell division

76
Q

What are the three subphases of interphase?

A

G1 (gap1)-the cell is synthesizing proteins and actively growing
S phase- DNA is replicated
G2- enzymes and other proteins are synthesized and distributed throughout the cell

77
Q

What are the three main events of cell division?

A

Mitosis-nuclear division
Cytokinesis-dividing cytoplasm
Control of cell division - depends on surface-volume relationships, chemical signaling, and contact inhibition

78
Q

What is a gene?

A

a segment of DNA that carries instructions for one polypeptide chain

79
Q

What are the 3 forms of RNA?

A

transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
messenger RNA

80
Q

How does transcription occur?

A

Make an mRNA complement by a transcription factor mediating binding of RNA polymerase
The mRNA that initially results from transcription is called the primary transcript and has introns that must be removed

81
Q

What is translation?

A

Process of converting the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins (nucleotides to amino acids)

82
Q

What is autophagy?

A

The process of degrading malfunctioning organelles to prevent excessive accumulation of these structures

83
Q

What are ubiquitins and what do they do?

A

They are proteins that attach to and mark unneeded proteins for degredation and recycling

84
Q

What are the three classes of extracellular material?

A

Body fluids - interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (dissolution)
Cellular secretions - substances aiding in digestion or functioning as lubrication
Extracellular matrix - jellylike substance secreted by cells (consisting of proteins and polysaccharides)

85
Q

How do chemical signals influence development?

A

They switch genes on and off

86
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Process of cells developing specific and distinctive features (becoming unique/ lets you differentiate between them)

87
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death of stressed, unneeded, injured, or aged cells

88
Q

Why do we have cell division in adulthood if everything is already formed?

A

To serve to replace cells and repair wounds

89
Q

What is the wear and tear theory about cell aging?

A

The cumulative effect of slight chemical damage and production of free radicals

Physiology (17 decks)

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