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Physiology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups of organs?

A

Alimentary canal
Accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

What is contained in the alimentary canal of the digestive system?

A

Mouth to anus

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3
Q

What does the alimentary canal do? (gi tract)

A

Digests food and absorbs fragments

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4
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth
Tongue
Gallbladder
Digestive glands (salivary glands, liver, pancreas)

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5
Q

What are 6 essential activities of the digestive process?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical breakdown
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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6
Q

The enteric nervous system is supplied by _________ of alimentary canal

A

Intrinsic nerve supply

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7
Q

The enteric nervous system is linked to the CNS via the ______ fibers?

A

Afferent visceral fibers

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8
Q

Stomach digest ____ to _____

A

Bolus to chyme

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9
Q

The stomach has ____ tunics

A

Four

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10
Q

What does the muscularis externa allow the stomach to do?

A

Churn
Mix
Move
Physically break down food

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11
Q

What does the mucosa contain in the stomach?

A

Mucosal cells that secrete two layer coat of alkaline mucus
Gastric glands that produce gastric juice

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12
Q

What are the 4 cell types in gastric glands?

A

Mucous neck cell
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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13
Q

What are the parietal cell secretions?

A

HCl
Intrinsic factor (needed for absorption of vitamin B12)

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14
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen
Lipase (digest lipids)

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15
Q

What are the secretions of the enteroendocrine cells?

A

Chemical messengers
Paracrines (serotonin and histamine)
Hormones (somatostatin and gastrin)

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16
Q

What makes up the mucosal barrier of the stomach?

A

Thick layer of bicarb rich mucus
Tight junctions between epithelial cells

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17
Q

What are the 4 steps to digestive process in the stomach?

A

Mechanical breakdown
Denaturation of proteins by HCl
Enzymatic digestion of proteins by pepsin
Delivery of chyme to small intestine

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18
Q

What is the only stomach function that is essential to life?

A

Secretion of intrinsic factor (needed for vitamin B 12 absorption)

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19
Q

What nervous system is involved in the neural control of gastric secretion?

A

The autonomic nervous system
(vagus nerve stim that increases stimulation)
(Sympathetic stim that decreases stimulation)

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20
Q

What hormone is responsible for regulation of gastric secretion?

A

Gastrin (increases enzyme and HCl secretion)

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21
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

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22
Q

What happens during the cephalic phase?

A

It is triggered by aroma, taste, sight, thought

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23
Q

What stimulates the gastric phase?

A

Distension, peptides, low acidity, gastrin

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24
Q

What does the intestinal phase do?

A

Partially digested foods enter the small intestine with a brief intestinal gastrin release

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25
Q

What kind of effects happen during the intestinal phase?

A

Inhibitory effects (by chyme, fats, peptides, irritating substances)

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26
Q

What are three chemicals that stimulate parietal cells through secondary messengers?

A

ACh
Histamine
Gastrin

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27
Q

What releases enterogastrones in the intestinal phase?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

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28
Q

What are enterogastrones?

A

Secretin, CCK, vasoactive intestinal peptide
They all inhibit gastric secretion

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29
Q

What is dumping syndrome

A

Happens if the small intestine is pushed to accept more chyme
Nausea and vomiting
Common in gastric reduction for weight loss

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30
Q

Enterogastric reflex is part of the ____ ____ of gastric secretion

A

Intestinal phase

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31
Q

What do enterogastric reflexes do?

A

Inhibit vagal nuclei
Inhibit local reflexes
Activate sympathetic nerve fibers

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32
Q

_____ cells pump H+ into stomach lumen

A

Parietal cells

33
Q

What moves food throughout the stomach to the plyorus?

A

Peristaltic waves

34
Q

Basic electrical rhythm is set by ______ _____ ____.

A

Enteric pacemaker cells

35
Q

What are pacemaker cells linked by?

A

Gap junctions

36
Q

____ and ____ increase force of contraction

A

Distention
Gastrin

37
Q

TF: Fatty chyme is moved quicker through the duodenum than carb-rich chyme?

A

False

38
Q

What are the subdivisions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

39
Q

What is the major organ of digestion and absorption?

A

Small intestine

40
Q

What controls entry of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum?

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

41
Q

What part of the small intestine joins the large intestine

A

Ileum

42
Q

What are the three components of the small intestine that help increase surface area for better absorption?

A

Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli (brush border)

43
Q

TF: intestinal juice is slightly alkaline

A

True

44
Q

The Intestinal Juice is largely ____

A

water`

45
Q

What facilitates transport and absorption of nutrients?

A

Intestinal juice

46
Q

What is the main function of the liver?

A

Digestive function
Bile production (fat emulsifier)

47
Q

What is the main function of the gall bladder?

A

Bile storage

48
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Liver

49
Q

What do hepatocytes do?

A

They are liver cells
Filter and process bloodborne nutrients
Store fat-soluble vitamins
Perform detoxification
Produce bile

50
Q

What do Kupffer cells in the liver do?

A

Remove old RBCs

51
Q

What connects the liver to the gallbladder?

A

Bile duct

52
Q

What is contained within bile?

A

Bile salts (cholesterol derivative that functions in fat emulsification and absorption)
Bilirubin (brown color in feces)
Cholesterol, Triglycerides, phospholipids, and electrolytes

53
Q

How does the gallbladder release bile?

A

Muscular contraction

54
Q

What happens to bile salts when there is too much cholesterol?

A

Too few bile salts so gallstones are formed

55
Q

TF: the pancreas has an endocrine and exocrine function

A

True

56
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon

57
Q

What is the exocrine function of pancreas?

A

Acini secrete pancreatic juices

58
Q

What is pancreatic juice?

A

Watery alkaline solution with a high pH to neutralize chyme
Contains electrolytes (HCO3-)
Enzymes (amylase, lipase, nucleases and proteases)

59
Q

Where do proteases get activated?

A

Duodenum

60
Q

What is the most common motion of small intestine

A

Segmentation

61
Q

What initiates segmentation of the small intestine

A

Intrinsic pacemaker cells

62
Q

What stimulates peristalsis in the small intestine?

A

Rise in the hormone motilin

63
Q

What are the 5 regions of the large intestine?

A

Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

64
Q

What is the cecum

A

The first part of the large intestine

65
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue (bacterial storehouse (immune function))

66
Q

What are the 4 colons?

A

Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

67
Q

How many rectal valves stop feces from being passed with gas?

A

three

68
Q

What is the last segment of the large intestine?

A

Anal canal

69
Q

What opens the body to the exterior in the digestive system?

A

Mouth and anus

70
Q

What kind of muscle is found in the internal anal sphincter

A

Smooth muscle (involuntary)

71
Q

What kind of muscle is found in the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle

72
Q

What is reclaimed during the digestive process in the large intestine?

A

Vitamins
water
electrolytes

73
Q

What is the major function of the large colon?

A

Propulsion of feces to anus
Defecation

74
Q

TF: the colon is essential for life

A

False

75
Q

What are the contractions of the colon called?

A

Haustral contractions

76
Q

What initiates the gastrocolic reflex?

A

Presence of food in the stomach

77
Q

What is defecation?

A

Mass movements force feces to rectum

78
Q

What initiates spinal defecation reflex?

A

Distension

Physiology (17 decks)

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