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Physiology > Chapter 16 P1 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 P1 Flashcards

1
Q

What system does the endocrine system work with?

A

The nervous system

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2
Q

What do the endocrine and nervous do for homeostasis?

A

Integrate and Coordinate activity of body cells

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system influence and how does it influence it?

A

Metabolic activities

Influenced by hormones transported in blood

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4
Q

What kind of response do hormones create compared to nerve impulses?

A

Slower but longer lasting

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5
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Study of hormones and endocrine organs

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6
Q

What does the endocrine system control and integrate?

A

Reproduction
Growth
Development
Maintenance of Electrolyte, water and nutrient balance of blood
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Mobilization of body defenses

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7
Q

What are the two types of glands

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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8
Q

What kind of glads produce hormones and lack ducts?

A

Endocrine glands

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9
Q

What do exocrine glads use to secrete substances and what are those substances?

A

Ducts that secrete sweat and saliva (nonhormonal)

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10
Q

What glands are in the Endocrine System?

A 
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal Glands
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11
Q

What kind of organ is the hypothalamus?

A

Neuroendocrine organ

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12
Q

What glands are both endocrine and exocrine?

A

Pancreas and Gonads

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical messengers?

A

Hormones
Autocrines
Paracrines

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14
Q

What type of chemical messengers act locally and are quicker?

A

Autocrines

Paracrines

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15
Q

By what substance are hormones transported?

A

Blood

Lymph

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16
Q

What do autocrines exert their secretion to?

A

The same cell that produce them

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17
Q

What are the two classes of hormones?

A

Amino Acids

Steroids

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18
Q

What are the types of amino acid based hormones?

A

Peptides
Proteins
Amino Acids

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19
Q

What are steroids synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol

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20
Q

What hormones are steroids?

A

Gonadal

Adrenocortical hormones

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21
Q

What cells are affected by hormones?

A

Target cells

Tissues with receptors for specific hormones

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22
Q

In what way do hormones alter target cell activities?

A 
Plasma membrane permeability
Membrane permeability
Stimulate synthesis of enzymes
Activate or deactivate enzymes
Induce secretory activity
Stimulate mitosis
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23
Q

What 2 ways do hormones act at receptors?

A

By their chemical nature

By their receptor location

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24
Q

What are the two types of soluble hormones?

A

Water soluble

Lipid soluble

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25
Q

What hormones are water soluble hormones?

A

All except thyroid hormones

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26
Q

Can water soluble hormones enter the cell?

A

No they must bind to receptors on the membrane

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27
Q

How do water soluble hormones act on the cell?

A

Plasma membrane via G proteins and Second messengers

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28
Q

What are the types of secondary messengers?

A

cAMP
cGMP
PIP2-Calcium

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29
Q

What do lipid soluble hormones do for the cell?

A

They enter the cell and directly activate genes

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30
Q

How do lipid soluble membranes travel to the cell?

A

Transport proteins

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31
Q

What are two types of lipid soluble hormones?

A

Steroids

Thyroid hormones

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32
Q

TF: Hormones have specificity

A

True

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33
Q

What must target cells have to be affected by hormones?

A

Specific receptors to which hormones bind

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34
Q

What type of receptors are found on nearly all cells of body?

A

Thyroxine receptors

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35
Q

What does target cell activation depend on?

A

Blood levels of hormone
Repetitive number of receptors on or in the target cell
Affinity of binding between receptor hormone

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36
Q

What are the two types of regulation that hormones use to influence receptors?

A

Upregulation

Downregulation

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37
Q

What is upregulation?

A

Target cells form more receptors to low levels of hormones

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38
Q

What is down regulation?

A

Target cells lose receptors to too high levels of hormone1

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39
Q

What system do hormones use to regulate blood levels of hormones?

A

Negative feedback

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40
Q

What regulates the release and synthesis of hormones from endocrine glands?

A

Humoral stimuli
Neural stimuli
Hormonal stimuli

41
Q

How does humoral stimuli influence release and synthesis of hormones?

A

Change in ions and nutrient levels in blood stimulates secretion of hormones

(Calcium levels low causes increase in PTH that causes osteoclast activity to increase to increase blood calcium)

42
Q

How does neuronal stimuli influence release and synthesis of hormones?

A

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines

43
Q

How does hormonal stimuli influence hormone synthesis and release?

A

Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

(hypothalamic hormones stimulate release of anterior pituitary hormones which causes secretion of more hormones)

44
Q

What system can override normal endocrine controls?

A

Nervous system

stress

45
Q

How do hormones circulate in the blood?

A

Free

Bound

46
Q

What are steroids and thyroid hormones attached to for blood transport?

A

Plasma proteins

47
Q

What does the concentration of circulating hormones reflect?

A

Rate of release

Speed of inactivation and removal from body

48
Q

How are hormones removed from blood?

A

By degrading enzymes
Kidneys
Liver

49
Q

What is half life?

A

Time required for hormone’s blood level to decrease by half

50
Q

What is the range of half life?

A

One fraction of a minute to a week

51
Q

How long do steroids usually take for the onset of action to occur?

A

Hours to days

52
Q

What kind of duration of action do hormones have?

A

Limited duration of action (10 seconds to hours)

53
Q

When do effects of hormones disappear?

A

When blood levels drop

54
Q

TF: Hormones can persist at low blood levels?

A

True

55
Q

TF: Only one hormone can act on a target cell at a time?

A

False

Multiple hormones may act on same target at the same time

56
Q

What is the idea of permissiveness?

A

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present

57
Q

What hormone exhibits permissiveness?

A

Thyroid hormone

58
Q

What is the idea of synergism?

A

More than one hormone produces the same effects on target cell (amplifies effect)

59
Q

What hormones exhibit synergism?

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

work together to stimulate glucose release from the liver and into the blood

60
Q

What is the idea of antagonism?

A

One or more hormones oppose action of another hormone

61
Q

What hormones exhibit antagonism?

A

Glucagon raises blood glucose

Insulin reduces blood glucose

62
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A 
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
63
Q

What kind of tissue is the posterior pituitary?

A

Neural tissue

64
Q

What kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary?

A

Glandular tissue

65
Q

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract?

A

A neural connection to the hypothalamus from the posterior pituitary glad

66
Q

What NEUROhormones does the nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize?

A 
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
67
Q

How do oxytocin and ADH differ?

A

By two amino acids

68
Q

Where do oxytocin and ADH go after leaving the hypothalamus?

A

To the posterior pituitary where they are stored

69
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates uterine contraction
Triggers milk ejection
Acts as neurotransmitter in the brain

70
Q

When is oxytocin released?

A

During childbirth

71
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Inhibits or prevents urine formation

Regulates water balance

72
Q

What is another name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

73
Q

Where does ADH target?

A

Kidneys tubules - reabsorb more water

74
Q

What is ADH release triggered by?

A

Pain
Low blood pressure
Drugs

75
Q

What is ADH inhibited by?

A

Alcohol

when you drink you pee alot more

76
Q

What does high concentration of ADH cause?

A

Vasoconstriction (remember it causes an increase of blood pressure through vasoconstriction)

77
Q

What causes Diabetes INSIPIDUS?

A

ADH deficiency due to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage
(THIS IS definitely ON TEST)

78
Q

What happens when a person has diabetes insipidus (Definitely on test)?

A

Elimination of too much water (dehydration)

79
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

80
Q

What happens in a person who has SIADH?

A

Retention of fluid, headache, disorientation

fluid restriction - blood sodium level monitoring

81
Q

What pressure is increased due to SIADH?

A

Inter cranial pressure

82
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

Vascular connection to hypothalamus from the anterior pituitary
(portal system)

83
Q

What does the hypophyseal portal system do?

A

Carries releasing and inhibiting hormones to anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion

84
Q

In what two ways is secretion of anterior pituitary hormones regulated?

A

5 releasing and 2 inhibiting hormones in the hypothalamus stimulate or inhibit their secretion

Negative feedback via hormones released by target glands decreases secretion of three types of hormones

85
Q

What are the 6 Anterior pituitary hormones?

A 
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin
86
Q

What hormones of the anterior pituitary activate cyclic AMP second messenger systems at their target cells?

A

All except Growth hormone

87
Q

What kind of hormones are TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH

A

Tropic hormones

88
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands

89
Q

What is another name for hGH?

A

Somatotropin

90
Q

What does hGH do?

A

Stimulates secretion of insulin like growth factors that promote growth

91
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Stimulate synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid glands

92
Q

What does PRL do?

A

Stimulates breast growth and development of the mammary glands

93
Q

What hormones from the hypothalamus secrete that cause secretion of FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotropic releasing hormones

94
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Ovaries initiate development of oocytes

Testes initiate development of spermatozoa

95
Q

What does LH do?

A

Ovaries stimulate ovulation

Testes stimulate testosterone production

96
Q

What two hormones are released in response to the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin releasing hormone?

A

ACTH and MSH(melanocyte stimulating hormone)

97
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Stimulate release of mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, and androgen hormones from the adrenal cortex

98
Q

What does MSH do?

A

Stimulate the production of release of melanin by melanocytes in the skin and hair
In brain-sex and appetite

Physiology (17 decks)

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