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Physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Nervous
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective

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3
Q

How would you prepare a tissue specimen for microscopy?

A

Thinly sliced and preserved to allow enough light transmission
Stained with dyes that bin to different parts of the cell in slightly different ways (so you can tell the anatomical structures apart)

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4
Q

What are the two ways epithelium would occur in the body?

A

Covering/ lining epithelium

Glandular epithelium

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5
Q

Where would you find covering epithelium?

A

On external and internal surfaces

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6
Q

Where would you find glandular epithelium?

A

Secretory tissue in glands

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7
Q

What functions does the epithelium do for the body? (6 of them)

A 
Protection 
Absorption
Filtration
Excretion
Secretion
Sensory Reception
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8
Q

How do epithelium exhibit polarity?

A

By having an upper free apical surface and a lower attached basal surface

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9
Q

What components are found on the apical surface of the epithelium and what do they do?

A

Microvilli (brush border in intestines) - increase surface area
Cilia (some have it to move mucus out) - move particles up and out

For cilia think of the lining of the trachea (if you get dust into your windpipe you cough it out as mucus because the cilia are moving it out of the lining)

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10
Q

What is the basal surface of the epithelium called and what does it do?

A

Basal lamina
Adhesive sheet with selective filter (remember that the lamina in the nucleus allows the chromatin to anchor onto it or stick to it so this is the same concept)
Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair (cells are mitotically active in the basal layer and die as they go towards the apical surface)

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11
Q

How are epithelial tissues arranged?

A

They fit closely together with little space between cells and hence form continuous sheets

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12
Q

What type of junctions would connect the epithelial cells in a tissue?

A

Tight junctions and desmosomes
(think about skin - desmosomes are like velcro to keep skin from tearing)
(for tight junctions there needs to be a controlled closed barrier to keep water from escaping the skin to prevent dehydration)

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13
Q

What defines the epithelial boundary and keeps the epithelium from tearing when stretched?

A

Basement membrane

contains the basal lamina and the reticular lamina which is connective tissue that supports the epithelium

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14
Q

Is the epithelial vascular?

A

No it is avascular

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15
Q

What supplies the epithelium with nourishment through diffusion and the sense of touch?

A

Nerve fibers (they are innervated) and the underlying connective tissues (they are avascular)

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16
Q

What stimulates regeneration of the epithelial tissue?

A

Loss of Apical-basal polarity and a loss of

lateral contacts

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17
Q

How would you classify epithelia?

A

By the number of cell layers and the shape of the cell

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18
Q

If an epithelial tissue has a single layer of column shaped cells, what would be its classification?

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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19
Q

If an epithelium was multilayered and had flat cells, what would be its classification?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

What are the three shapes of an epithelial cell?

A

Squamous (flat)
Cuboidal (like a cube)
Columnar (looks cylindrical and like a column)

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21
Q

What does simple epithelia function in?

A

Absorption, Secretion, Filtration

it is a single layer of cells

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22
Q

Is the cytoplasm vast in a simple squamous cell?

A

No it is sparse

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23
Q

Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?

A

In the kidneys and lungs
(they function in rapid diffusion so glomerulus in kidneys and alveoli in the lungs)

You might also find them in the endothelium (lining of vessels and heart)
and the mesothelium (ventral serous membranes)

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24
Q

What are the main functions of simple cuboidal cells?

A

Secretion and absorption

forms the walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

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25
Q

Where would you find simple columnar epithelium and why?

A

The digestive tract because their primary function is absorption and secretion
(Might also find the ciliated type in the reproductive tract and respiratory tract to move mucus out of body)

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26
Q

How does pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium get its name?

A

It is made up of columnar epithelium that varies in height that gives the illusion that there is more than one layer but there is not. (same functions as the simple columnar)

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27
Q

What is the major role of stratified epithelial tissue?

A

Protection (more than one layer and cells regenerate from the bottom up so is much more sturdy than the simple epithelium)

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28
Q

What is the most widespread stratified epithelium?

A

The stratified squamous epithelium

think about how it covers the external parts of the skin and the skin is the largest organ in the body

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29
Q

What is the composition of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

The top layers are flattened squamous that are keratinized and less viable while the deeper layers that are mitotically active are cuboidal or columnar

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30
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protect the underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion (again think of skin)

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31
Q

Where would you find non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina

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32
Q

Where would you find stratified columnar epithelium in the body?

A

Pharynx, male urethra, lining of some glandular ducts

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33
Q

Where would you find stratified cuboidal epithelium in the body?

A

In the ducts of some of the larger glands

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34
Q

What is the main function for transitional epithelium and what is it composed of?

A

Mainly for allowing stretching in areas like the bladder. Resembles both the stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal (shape can change based off stretching)

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35
Q

What is a gland?

A

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion (leaving)

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36
Q

How would you classify glandular epithelium?

A

By the site of product release (exocrine or endocrine)

Number of cells forming the gland (unicellular or multicellular)

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37
Q

Which glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the lymph or blood stream?

A

Endocrine

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38
Q

What type of vesicular transport does endocrine glands use?

A

Exocytosis (secretory vesicles out of cell into the blood or lymph to a target)

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39
Q

Explain the key points of exocrine glands (do they use ducts, where are the secretions released, are they more or less numerous than endocrine glands, give examples of some secretory products that would be released by them)?

A

Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts
These secretions are released from ducts onto body surface or into body cavities
They are much more numerous than endocrine glands
SWEAT, OIL, SALIVA, MUCOUS

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40
Q

What is the difference between simple glands and compound glands?

A

Simple glands have an unbranched duct while compound glands have a branched duct

41
Q

What is the difference between a merocrine secretion and a holocrine secretion?

A

Merocrine secretions are products released through exocytosis
Holocrine secretions are synthesized products released when the cell ruptures

42
Q

What primary tissue is the most abundant of all the primary tissues?

A

The connective tissue

43
Q

What are the 4 main classes of connective tissues?

A

Connective Tissue Proper (Loose or Dense)
Cartilage
Bone Tissue
Blood

44
Q

What are the major functions of connective tissue?

A 
Binding and support 
Protecting
Insulating 
Storing reserve fuel
Transporting substances
45
Q

What are the 3 common characteristics of connective tissue?

A

All connective tissue arises from an embryonic tissue (mesenchyme)
Connective tissues range from avascular to highly vascularized
Connective tissue is composed mainly of non living extracellular matrix that separates cells of tissues

46
Q

What are the three elements of connective tissue?

A

Ground substance
Fibers
Cells

47
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Fills the space between the cells and consists of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans, and protein fibers

48
Q

What do fibers of connective tissues do?

A

Provide structure and support

think of fibrous proteins and how they function in structure and support

49
Q

What are the three fibers of connective tissue?

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

50
Q

What do collagen fibers do?

A

They are extremely strong and provide high tensile strength to the connective tissue
(resistance of fibers breaking under tension)
SKIN

51
Q

What do elastic fibers do?

A

They allow for stretching and recoil
(contain elastin which allows for this)
BLOOD VESSELS

52
Q

What are reticular fibers, what do they do?

A

Fine collagenous fibers that form networks where connective tissue contacts other types of tissues
(offers more give)

53
Q

What is the name of the immature cell that is found in connective proper tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

54
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

Immature cells found in the cartilage

55
Q

Where would you find osteoblasts?

A

Bone

56
Q

What are the immature bone marrow cells called?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

hema=blood and we know that bone marrow makes blood

57
Q

What is the mature form of cells found in cartilage called?

A

Chondrocytes

58
Q

Where does all connective tissue stem from?

A

Mesenchyme (formed during early weeks of embryonic developments from the mesoderm layer)

59
Q

What kind of connective tissue is areolar connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue

60
Q

What kind of fibers are found in areolar connective tissues?

A

All three (elastic, collagen, and reticular)

61
Q

What kind of connective tissue is the packing material between other types of tissues?

A

Areolar connective tissue (loose connective)

62
Q

What are some of the functions of areolar connective tissue?

A

Reservoir for water and salts (causes edema-swelling)
Defend against infection (mast cells and macrophages)
Stores nutrients as fats

63
Q

What are the two types of fats?

A 
White fat (great nutrient storage)
Brown fat (loose as we age - mainly when we are a baby)
64
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

Reserve for food fuel (fats)
Insulates against heat loss (it is our blubber)
Supports and protects organs (the fat protecting our abdominopelvic region)

65
Q

Draw how an adipose tissue would look like (how much matrix and where the nucleus is)

A

Notice how the nucleus is being pushed off to the side and there is very little matrix it is mainly fat

66
Q

Where would you find reticular connective tissue?

A

Free blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

67
Q

Draw an approximate on how the reticular connective tissue would look like (show how much matrix and if they branch)

A

These kind of look like if you are underneath a tree and are looking up through the branches
They are branched

68
Q

What is the difference between dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Dense regular - closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running PARALLEL to direction of pull (like little wavy lines) (attach muscle to muscle or bone to muscle or bone to bone TENSIAL STRESS)
Dense irregular - Thicker and irregularly arranged (resist tension from many directions (joint capsules, dermis, covering of organs))

69
Q

What do elastic connective tissues help with?

A

Stretch and recoil

ARTERIES AND LUNGS

70
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Elastic, Hyaline, Fibrocartilage

71
Q

Where would you find elastic cartilage and why?

A

The ear lobe or epiglottis because it allows for flexibility (has alot of elastic fibers)
(twist your ear lobe to feel the flexibility)

72
Q

Where would you find hyaline cartilage and why?

A

The end of bones because they resist compressive stress and reduce friction

73
Q

Where would you find the fibrocartilage and why?

A

Between the vertebrae or in the knees - they have alot of thick collagen fibers that help resist heavy pressures

74
Q

What is known as osseous tissue and what does it do?

A 
Bone
Supports and protects structures
Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities
Has inorganic calcium salts 
LOOK LIKE TREE TRUNKS
75
Q

Why can bone heal?

A

Because it is richly vascularized

76
Q

What produces bone matrix?

A

Osteoblasts (immature bone cells)

77
Q

What maintains the bone matrix?

A

Osteocytes (mature bone cells)

78
Q

Why is blood classified as a connective tissue?

A

Because it develops from mesenchyme

79
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

80
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Transportation

81
Q

What part of the blood helps with blood clotting and why?

A

The fibers because they are soluble proteins and precipitate during blood clotting (platelets)

82
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

83
Q

What type of muscle tissue is voluntary?

A

Skeletal muscle

84
Q

What type of muscle tissue is striated and has multiple nuclei?

A

Skeletal muscle

85
Q

Where would you find smooth muscle?

A

In the digestive tract/ walls of hollow organs (propels substances or objects along internal passageway)

86
Q

What type of muscle tissue would be branched, striated and generally be uninucleated?

A 
Cardiac muscle (contraction propels blood into circulation under involuntary control)
LOOK AT THE INTERCALATED DISCS - this is a tell tell sign that this is cardiac muscle
87
Q

What are the two types of cells that make up nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

88
Q

What places in the body would you find nervous tissue?

A

Brain, spinal cord and nerves

89
Q

What is the difference between a dendrite and an axon?

A

Dendrite moves signals to the cell body of the neuron

Axon moves signals away from the cell body of neuron

90
Q

What is another name for cell body?

A

Soma

91
Q

What are the 3 types of lining membranes?

A

Cutaneous (skin)
Mucous
Serous (parietal and visceral)

92
Q

What part of the skin is epithelium and what part is connective tissue?

A

Epidermis is the epithelium

Dermis is the connective tissue

93
Q

What is the epithelial lining of mucous membranes called?

A

Lamina propria

94
Q

What do most mucous membranes have?

A

Cilia (move mucous out)

95
Q

What are the two different types of tissue repair?

A

Regeneration

Fibrosis

96
Q

What is the difference between regeneration and fibrosis?

A

Regeneration is when the same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue and the original function is restored (like a nail cuticle - they grow back fast)
Fibrosis - Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue and original function is lost (this is just scarring)

97
Q

What are the three steps involved in tissue repair?

A

Inflammation sets stage
Organization restores blood supply (granulation = scarring)
Regeneration and fibrosis

98
Q

What kind of tissues have virtually no functional regenerative capacity (mess it up once and its done)?

A

Cardiac muscle (heart attack causes permanent scarring)
Nervous tissue of the brain (after strokes they are usually paralyzed on one side of the body)
Spinal cord

Physiology (17 decks)

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