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Physiology > 14 > Flashcards

14 Flashcards

1
Q

What motor neurons does the ANS consist of?

A

Motor neurons that innervate smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

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2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Makes adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities

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3
Q

TF: ANS operates via conscious control

A

False

Subconscious

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4
Q

What are the other names for the ANS?

A

Involuntary nervous system

General Visceral motor system

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5
Q

What do the Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems differ in?

A

Effectors
Efferent pathways and ganglia
Target organ responses to neurotransmitters

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6
Q

What do somatic and autonomic nervous systems have the same?

A

Both have motor fibers

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7
Q

What are the effectors in the somatic nervous system

A

Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

What are the effectors in the ANS?

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands

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9
Q

Where are the cell bodies in the somatic nervous system?

A

In the Cns

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10
Q

What kind of fibers are found in the somatic nervous systems?

A

Group A (thick myelinated) fibers that extend in spinal or cranial nerve to skeletal muscle

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11
Q

What kind of efferent pathway does the ANS use?

A

A two neuron chain
(preganglionic neuron in the CNS)
(postganglionic neuron in the autonomic ganglion outside the CNS)

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12
Q

What axon in the ANS is nonmyelinated?

A

The postganglionic axon that extends to effector organs

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13
Q

What kind of axon in the ANS has a think lightly myelinated one?

A

Preganglionic axon

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14
Q

What do all somatic motor neurons release? (neurotransmitter)

A

ACh

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

What kind of effects come from the somatic nervous system?

A

Stimulatory effects

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16
Q

What fibers in the ANS release ACh?

A

Preganglionic fibers

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17
Q

What do the postganglionic fibers in the ANS release?

A

Norepinephrine or ACh at the effectors

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18
Q

What kind of effects come from ANS?

A

Stimulatory or inhibitory

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19
Q

What kind of receptors are at the ganglion in the Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

A

Nicotinic (ACh)

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20
Q

What kind of receptors are near the effectors of the parasympathetic division in the ANS?

A

Muscularinic receptors (ACh)

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21
Q

What kind of receptors are found at the end of a postganglionic axon in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenergic receptors (NE)

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22
Q

What nerves contain both somatic and autonomic fibers?

A

Most spinal and cranial nerves

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23
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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24
Q

What does dual innervation mean?

A

Almost all organs served by both divisions of the ANS but have opposite effects

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25
Q

What maintains homeostasis between the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Dynamic antagonism (always opposing one another)

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26
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Promotes maintenance activities and conserve body energy

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27
Q

What does the parasympathetic division direct in the body?

A

Digestion
Diuresis
Defecation

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28
Q

When does the parasympathetic division take control of a person?

A

As the person is resting
Reading
Relaxing
After a meal

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29
Q

What happens to blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rates when the body is in the parasympathetic control?

A

They are low

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30
Q

What kind of activity does the gastrointestinal tract have in the parasympathetic control?

A

High Activity (increase digestion)

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31
Q

What happens to the pupils while the parasympathetic division is in control and why?

A

They constrict to accommodate for close vision

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32
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic system?

A

Mobilize the body during activity

Fight or flight

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33
Q

What causes the sympathetic division to take control?

A

Exercise
Excitement
Emergency
Embarassment

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34
Q

What happens to the heart rate when the body is taken over by sympathetic control?

A

It increases

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35
Q

What happens to the skin when the body is under sympathetic control?

A

It becomes cold and sweaty

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36
Q

What happens to the pupils when the body is under the sympathetic control?

A

They dilate along with the bronchioles

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37
Q

What happens to the mouth when the body is under sympathetic control?

A

It becomes dry

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38
Q

What happens to the body during vigorous physical activity?

A

It shunts blood to skeletal muscles and heart
It dilates bronchioles
Causes the liver to release glucagon

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39
Q

What division of the ANS has long preganglionic fibers from the brain stem and sacrum?

A

Parasympathetic (Craniosacral)

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40
Q

What is longer in the parasympathetic division, the preganglionic or postganglionic fiber?

A

Preganglionic fiber

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41
Q

Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic fiber synapse with postganglionic neurons?

A

In the terminl ganglia close to or within target organs

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42
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers of the cranial division?

A

Cell bodies in the brain stem

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43
Q

What nerves are found in the cranial part of parasympathetic division?

A 
Oculomotor nerve (CIII)
Facial nerves (VII)
Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
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44
Q

What do oculomotor nerves serve?

A

The smooth muscle of the eye via ciliary ganglia

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45
Q

What do facial nerves do?

A

Stimulate large glands in the head via pterygopalatine ganglia and submandibular ganglia

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46
Q

What do glossopharyngeal nerves serve?

A

Parotid salivary glands via otic ganglia

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47
Q

What do vagus nerves serve?

A

Neck and nerve plexuses for all thoracic and abdominal viscera (almost all) via cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses

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48
Q

What does the sacral part of the parasympathetic division serve?

A

The pelvic organs and distal half of large intestine

49
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division (thoracolumbar)?

A

in the spinal cord segments T1-L2

50
Q

What do preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division enter?

A

The sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglia

51
Q

What do paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic truck vary in?

A

Size
Position
Number

52
Q

How many paravertebral ganglia are in the sympathetic trunk?

A

23

53
Q

How many paravertebral ganglia are cervical?

A

3

54
Q

How many paravertebral ganglia are thoracic?

A

11

55
Q

How many paravertebral ganglia are lumbar?

A

4

56
Q

How many paravertebral ganglia are sacral?

A

4

57
Q

How many paravertebral ganglia are coccygeal?

A

1

58
Q

What are the three fates that could happen when the short preganglionic fiber enters sympathetic trunk ganglion?

A
  1. Synapse with ganglionic neuron in same trunk ganglion
  2. Ascend or descend sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
  3. Pass through trunk ganglion and emerge without synapsing (only in abdomen and pelvis)
59
Q

What kind of sympathetic fibers pass directly to adrenal medulla without synapsing?

A

Some preganglionic fibers

60
Q

What happens in the medulla when the preganglionic fiber passes directly to the adrenal medulla?

A

Medulla is stimulated and medullary cells secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into blood

61
Q

TF: Sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla arise from same tissue?

A

True

62
Q

What is the misplaced sympathetic ganglion?

A

Adrenal medulla

63
Q

What is the difference in somatic reflex arcs and visceral reflex arcs?

A

They have the same components but the visceral reflex arc has 2 neurons in the motor pathway

64
Q

What causes the phenomenon called referred pain?

A

When visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers (heart pain in left arm0

65
Q

What kind of fibers release ACh?

A

Cholinergic fibers

66
Q

What are all ANS preganglionic axons (what kind of fibers)?

A

Cholinergic fibers

67
Q

What are all parasympathetic postganglionic axons at effector synapse?

A

Cholinergic fibers

68
Q

What do adrenergic fibers release?

A

Norepinephrine

69
Q

What are most sympathetic postganglionic axons?

A

Adrenergic fibers

70
Q

What kind of sympathetic postganglionic axons are not adrenergic?

A

The ones at sweat glands

71
Q

What are two major classes for adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha (1,2)

Beta (1,2,3)

72
Q

What are the two types of receptors that bind Ach?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

73
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

On sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells at NMJ
All postganglionic neurons
Hormone producing cells of adrenal medulla

74
Q

What effect does ACh have at nicotinic receptors?

A

Always stimulatory

75
Q

What does ACh do at nicotinic receptors?

A

Opens ion channels

Depolarizes postsynaptic cell

76
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

On all effector cells stimulated by post ganglionic cholinergic fibers (release ACh)

77
Q

What effect does ACh have at muscarinic receptors?

A

Can be either inhibitory or excitatory

78
Q

What does beta 1 receptors do?

A

Increase heart rate and force of contraction

Causes the kidney to secrete renin

79
Q

What do Beta 2 receptors do?

A

Causes the bronchioles in the lungs to dialate

80
Q

What do beta 3 receptors do?

A

Lipolysis in adipose tissue

81
Q

What do alpha 1 receptors do?

A

Serve and stimulate all sympathetic target organelles except the heart (pupil size)

82
Q

What do alpha 2 receptors do?

A

Affect blood platelets
Inhibit NE and insulin production
Promote vasodilation

83
Q

What type of drug is atropine?

A

Anticholinergic

84
Q

What does atropine do?

A

Blocks muscarinic ACh receptors

85
Q

When do you use atropine?

A

Used to prevent salivation during surgery

To dilate pupils for examination

86
Q

What does Neostigmine inhibit?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

It breaks down ACh

87
Q

What is neostigmine used to treat?

A

Myasthenia gravis

88
Q

What do over the counter drugs for colds, allergies and nasal congestion stimulate?

A

Alpha - adrenergic receptors

89
Q

What do most visceral organs have?

A

Dual innervation

90
Q

What does dynamic antagonism allow for?

A

Precise control of visceral activity

91
Q

What division controls blood pressure during rest and activity?

A

The sympathetic division

92
Q

What is the vascular system innervated by?

A

The sympathetic division

93
Q

What does sympathetic tone do?

A

Keeps blood vessels in continual state of partial constriction (vasomotor tone)

94
Q

How do sympathetic fibers cause constriction of blood vessels and blood pressure to rise?

A

Fire more rapidly

95
Q

What do alpha blocker drugs do?

A

Interfere with vasomotor fibers to reduce hypertension

96
Q

What does the parasympathetic division normally dominate?

A

The heart
Smooth muscle of digestive and urinary tract organs
activate most glands except for adrenal and sweat

97
Q

When does the sympathetic division override the parasympathetic division?

A

During times of stress

98
Q

What division slows the heart and speeds up the digestive and urinary tracts?

A

Parasympathetic division

99
Q

When is cooperative effects best seen in the body?

A

The control of external genetalia

100
Q

What do the parasympathetic fibers do during cooperative effects on the external genetalia?

A

Cause vasodilation

Erection of penis or clitoris

101
Q

What do the sympathetic fibers do during cooperative effects on the external genetalia?

A

Cause ejaculation of semen in males

Reflex contraction of females vagina

102
Q

What parts of the body only receive sympathetic fibers?

A 
Adrenal medulla
sweat glands
arrector pili
muscles
kidneys
most blood vessels
103
Q

What does the sympathetic division control?

A

Thermoregulatory responses to heat
Release of renin from kidneys
Metabolic effects

104
Q

What division raises blood glucose levels?

A

Sympathetic division

105
Q

What division of the ANS is short lived and highly localized?

A

Parasympathetic division

106
Q

Why is the parasympathetic division so short lived?

A

ACh is quickly destroyed by acetylcholinesterase

107
Q

What is the main integrative center of ANS activity?

A

Hypothalamus

108
Q

What controls go into the hypothalamus?

A

Subconscious cerebral input via the limbic (emotional) system structures on hypothalamic centers

109
Q

TF: Hypothalamus controls are only direct through the reticular system

A

FALSE

It is direct and indirect through the reticular system

110
Q

What are the main controls of the hypothalamus?

A 
Heart activity and blood pressure
Body temp water balance
Endocrine activity
Emotional stages
Biological drives
Reactions to fear and fight or flight system
111
Q

What allows for cortical influence on ANS?

A

Connections of hypothalamus to limbic lobe

112
Q

TF: Voluntary cortical control of visceral activities is possible

A

True

113
Q

What is biofeedback?

A

Awareness of physiological conditions with goal of consciously influencing them (breathing to slow heart rate)

114
Q

What is hypertension and what causes it?

A

High blood pressure

Overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response to stress

115
Q

What disease causes exaggerated vasoconstriction in fingers and toes which leads to pale and cyanotic skin which is painful?

A

Raynaud’s Disease

116
Q

What disease is caused by uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons in quadriplegics and those with spinal cord injuries above T6?

A

Autonomic dystrflexia

Causes blood pressure to skyrocket

117
Q

What causes ANS deficiency to decline?

A

Old age

Structural changes to preganglionic axon terminals

118
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure after position change
Pressure receptors less responsive to BP changes
Cardiovascular centers fail to maintain healthy blood pressure

119
Q

What are the 4 effects of age on ANS?

A

Constipation
Dry eyes
Frequent eye infections
Orthostatic hypotension

Physiology (17 decks)

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