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Cognitive Psychology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we study perception

A

Direct- brain imaging and electrophysiology

Indirect- psychophysics

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2
Q

The visual system is organised

A

Hierarchically

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3
Q

Where is visual information transmitted

A
  • The retina.
  • The LGN.
  • The primary visual cortex (V1).
  • Other cortical regions specialised for vision
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4
Q

The retina transduce light into neural signals using

A

Rods and cones

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5
Q

Photosensitive pigment molecules are embedded in

A

The outer segments of rods and cones

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6
Q

Photosensitive pigment molecules do what

A

Change their conformation in response to light and begin an intracellular signalling cascade that leads to an electrical signal

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7
Q

How do rods and cones connect to the output cells of the retina

A

Connect to the bipolar cells

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8
Q

What are the output cells of the retina called

A

The retinal ganglion cells

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9
Q

How do horizontal cells and amacrine cells process visual information

A

Laterally

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10
Q

What do bipolar cells do

A
  • Make direct connections with a small number of photoreceptors
  • Make indirect connections via the horizontal cells to the surrounding photoreceptors
  • The connections cause opposite electrical responses in the bipolar cell
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11
Q

What happens when light falls on the photoreceptors of the on-centre bipolar cells

A

Causes an excitatory response

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12
Q

Light falling on photoreceptors in the receptive field surround cause

A

An inhibitory response

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13
Q

A neuron’s receptive field will cause a response when

A

Photoreceptors at that area are stimulated by light

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14
Q

For off centre bipolar cells, light falling on photoreceptors located at the centre of their receptive field causes

A

An inhibitory response

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15
Q

or off centre bipolar cells, light falling on photoreceptors in the receptive field surround causes

A

An excitatory response

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16
Q

What is fading

A
  • Equal amounts of light are received by the receptive field centre and surround.
  • Excitatory and inhibitory responses cancel each other out.
  • The ganglion cell does not signal the presence of a stimulus
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17
Q

Why don’t solid objects fade easily

A

Ganglion cells with receptive fields near the edge of the image signal strongly

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18
Q

Retinal ganglion cells signal

A

Edge information

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19
Q

Two classes of retinal ganglion cells

A
  • Midget cells

- Parasol cells

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20
Q

Are midget and parasol cells independent or connected

A

Independent parallel processing streams

21
Q

Midget cells

A
  • Small receptive fields.
  • Non sensitive to fast flicker.
  • Red-green colour selective.
  • ‘what’ stream.
  • Connect to parvocellular LGN neurons
22
Q

Parasol cells

A
  • Large receptive fields
  • Sensitive to fast flicker
  • Not colour selective
  • ‘where’ stream
  • Connect to magnocellular LGN neurons
23
Q

There are at least how many types of retinal ganglion cell

A

17

24
Q

Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

Part of the thalamus

25
Q

What does the LGN do

A
  • Sends visual signals from the retina to the cortex.

- It’s neurons have a centre-surround receptive field

26
Q

Midget cells connect to

A

Parvocellular LGN neurons

27
Q

Parasol cells connect to

A

Magnocellular LGN neurons

28
Q

The structure of the receptive fields of neurons in V1 is

A
  • Elongated to wire together retinal cells with neighbouring receptive fields.
  • Preferentially respond to oriented lines or edges
29
Q

Orientation selective cells in V1 are known as

A

Simple cells

30
Q

The complexity of receptive fields builds through the visual hierarchy by

A

Wiring together neurons at lower levels

31
Q

The theoretical pinnacle is grandmother cells which

A

Have receptive fields that would be specific for one individual object

32
Q

Cells in area TEO in the ventral stream have

A

Moderately complex receptive fields

33
Q

Quiroga et al 2005 found cells in human temporal cortex that responded

A

Selectively to images of one person or object

34
Q

What is sparse code

A

A network of neurons would represent each context

35
Q

The neurons in visual cortical areas are

A
  • Retinotopically mapped

- Neighbouring neurons respond to neighbouring regions on the retina

36
Q

Orientation preference is organised how in the primary visual cortex (V1)

A
  • Systematically.

- Neighbouring columns of neurons have systematically different orientation preferences

37
Q

What are ocular dominance columns

A

Inputs from two eyes are systematically interleaved

38
Q

What is a hypercolumn

A

A section of V1 that represents all orientations for both eyes

39
Q

Different populations of V1 neurons are also sensitive to

A

Different spatial frequencies

40
Q

The contrast sensitivity function describes

A
  • Human contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency
  • Peaks at medium spatial frequencies
41
Q

The contrast sensitivity function is a result of

A

The combined responses of a population of different neurons sensitive to different ranges of spatial frequency

42
Q

Only the adapted neurons show

A

A reduction in contrast sensitivity

43
Q

Spatial frequency is encoded by

A
  • Population code.

- Over a population of neurons sensitive to different spatial frequencies

44
Q

Neurons selective for low spatial frequencies encode

A

Broad patterns of light and dark

45
Q

Neurons selective for high spatial frequencies encode

A

Finer detail

46
Q

Cortical area V5 (MR) is specialised for

A

Processing motion

47
Q

The waterfall illusion reveals that motion is encoded via

A
  • An opponent code.

- After adaption in one direction, illusory motion is perceived in the opposite direction

48
Q

Reinhardt detectors can detect

A
  • Motion

- Located in a fly

49
Q

The complexity of receptive fields increases or decreases through the visual hierarchy

A

Increases

Cognitive Psychology (20 decks)

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