Lecture 15- Concepts And Categorisation

Question 1

What did William James say in “the principles of psychology” 1890, Without categories and their corresponding concepts

Answer 1

Infants don’t separate their sensory experience into parts, but instead experience “one great blooming, buzzing confusion”

Question 2

Concepts give a handle on what those types of things have in

Answer 2

Common

Question 3

Language gives us what for concepts

Answer 3

Labels

Question 4

What are necessary conditions

Answer 4

Things required to be a member of a category

Question 5

What is feature theories

Answer 5

We store sets of conditions as lists of features

Question 6

What is network theories

Answer 6

We store concepts in networks with is and has links

Bird is animal; bird has feathers

Question 7

What is prototype theory

Answer 7

Not based on features but relation to other things, grouped together

Question 8

Evaluation for prototype theory

Answer 8

• Conceptual combination- we don’t just use individual concepts, we combine them
• Ad hoc concepts
• Mathematical concepts

Question 9

What are Ad Hoc Concepts

Answer 9

Concepts and their corresponding categories that are put together spontaneously, not stored in memory

Question 10

Why are mathematical concepts an evaluation of prototype theory

Answer 10

Show prototypically effects but have clear analytical definitions, not defined by prototypes

Question 11

What is “theory” theory

Answer 11

Everyday concepts are defined by their place in lay theories about the world and how it works

Question 12

What are basic level categories (Eleanor Rosch 1976)

Answer 12

• In a hierarchy concepts at one of the levels are easiest to deal with.
• At a basic level the features of one type of object have a strong correlational structure

Question 13

What are the two main types of nouns

Answer 13

• Natural kinds

- Artefacts

Question 14

What concepts are less studied in psychology

Answer 14

Abstract concepts

Question 15

Types of concepts

Answer 15

• Nouns
• Verbs
• Linking words
• Abstract

Question 16

Lakoff and Johnson 1980 believe abstract concepts are understood via

Answer 16

Networks of metaphorical links to concrete concepts

Question 17

Example of metaphorical link to concrete concept

Answer 17

She fell into a depression

Fell into

Question 18

The traditional treatment of concepts is via

Answer 18

Formal analysis

Question 19

What did pulvermüller et al 2005 find with TMS to motor brain regions

Answer 19

Faster reaction to associated brain regions

E.g Leg related words with leg region stimulation

Question 20

What is the Action Compatibility Effect (ACE)

Answer 20

Responses are quicker when the action required to respond is not compatible with the action described
(E.g. Pulling lever towards to answer closing a drawer)

Question 21

What did Pecher et al find when examining embodied cognition: up and down

Answer 21

Responses were slower when the type of word didn’t match the words expected position (sky, bottom of options)

Question 22

Zwaan and Pecher (2012) did not replicate embodied cognition effect, instead

Answer 22

Found a standard compatibility effect

Question 23

What did Connell and Lynette (2009) find when examining typical and atypical implied colour

Answer 23

The colour we expect something to be is automatically evoked by language

Question 24

Is language abstract and modular

Answer 24

No