Lecture 17- Language And Language Processing Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some arrangements of language

A
  • Patterns of sound (spoken language)
  • Patterns of visual marks (written language)
  • Patterns of hand positions (sign language)
  • Patterns of meaning
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2
Q

Connection between signifier and signified is fundamentally

A

Arbitrary and different in different languages

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3
Q

What’s an example of non-arbitrariness in language

A

Sound symbolism (slither)

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4
Q

What are phones (to do with speech)

A

The Sounds of speech

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5
Q

What are phonemes

A

A phoneme is a group of phones that are essentially equivalent in a given language, even though they are not exactly the same sound

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6
Q

Letters in alphabetical languages correspond to

A

Phonemes (not always one to one)

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7
Q

What are some types of written languages

A
  • Alphabet
  • Syllabaries
  • Logographs
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8
Q

Are sign languages the same as spoken languages

A

No, they are fully fledged languages

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9
Q

What does ‘one sign’ mean

A

Something with a fixed meaning

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10
Q

Do phonemes have meaning

A

No

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11
Q

Words can have

A

Internal structure

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12
Q

What is morphology

A

The study of the internal structure of words, with reference to meaning

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13
Q

What are two types of morphemes

A
  • Free morphemes

- Bound morphemes

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14
Q

What types of bound morphemes are there

A
  • Inflectional, add grammatical information (plurals)

- Derivational, change the meaning and or the word category (un, ness, ly)

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15
Q

What is the principle of compositionality

A

The meaning of a phrase depends upon the structure and meaning of words present

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16
Q

There have to be rules for saying what combination of meanings goes with

A

Each type of structural combination of parts

17
Q

A definite determiner can be added to a singular noun to make

A

A noun phrase

18
Q

In complex sentences there may be more than one

A

Eventuality

19
Q

Clauses may be related structurally via

A

Co-ordination or subordination

20
Q

What is pragmatic meaning

A

Indirect meaning (e.g. I’ve stopped eating fast food, suggests I used to eat it)

21
Q

What are the three stages of processing

A
  • Words
  • Structure
  • Meaning
22
Q

What is more heavily researched, production or comprehension of language

A

Comprehension, easier to measure

23
Q

What has been studied more spoken or written language

A

Written, for pragmatic reasons

24
Q

What’s the segmentation problem

A

To understand spoken language we have to break the sound stream into words according to what makes sense

25
Q

The process of identifying words relies on

A

A set of interconnected detectors, one for each word you know

26
Q

What is syntactic processing/ parsing

A

The process of working out structure in comprehension using stored rules

27
Q

What are the two main ideas about how we process structure

A
  • Garden path theory, At each point we make a choice and if we’re wrong we have to revise it later
  • Constraint-based theory, We develop all possibilities in parallel and discard them at later points
28
Q

How did Broca’s aphasics seem to process sentences

A

Putting the main content words together so the sentence is ‘good enough’ to produce a meaning

29
Q

In dialogue comprehension and production are

A

Intertwined

30
Q

What is alignment is dialogue

A

Adjusting the way you speak to sound similar to the person you speak to

31
Q

How is audience design useful for dialogue

A

Makes it more likely someone will understand you