Lecture 14- Hacking Your Memory Flashcards
Pros and cons of using a laptop for note taking
+Faster
- Encourages verbatim rather than summary
- Reduces depth of processing
What is note taking for
- Promote deep and elaborative encoding
- Provide external storage of information that is in the lecture but not the slides
What was the design of Kesteren et al (2018)
- Encode new A-B picture-word pairs
- Test memory for A-B pairs
- Encode new A-C pairs where relatedness of B-C varies
- Final memory tests
Why is Kesteren et al 2018 a model of generalisation during learning
B-C is not directly studied but is inferred from learning A-B and A-C
What were the results of Kesteren et al (2018)
- Associative memory for the inferred B-C pairing was better when it was schema congruent
- Better when subjective reaction of the B picture during A-C learning was stronger
People’s judgments of what they would remember (meta memory) depended on
Reactivation but not schemas
How you actively receive and process the material
- Prep for lectures helps comprehension
- Process for distinctiveness
- Process for meaning and relate to schema
- Selective notes
What helps for self generated cues
Connection to personal knowledge
Self generated cues may be more
Diagnostic- point to fewer potential targets in memory
What was the most effect method of memory, SSSS, SSST, STTT?
STTT= repeated recall tests
What did Thomas et al 2020 find with repeated exams
- Quizzing was better than studying
- Quizzing without feedback was better than with
What does Thomas et al 2020 study support
- Testing aids development
- Aids generalisation from learning semantic and episodic
What’s the least useful revision
- Re-reading
- Summarisation
- Imagery for text
What is moderately useful revision
- Self-explanation
- Elaborative interrogation
- Interleaved practice
What is the most useful revision
Testing yourself
Does imagery at time of retention impact long-tern retention
No
What variables help one-shot episodic memories
Meaning-processing-related strategies such as elaboration
What is semantic elaboration theory (Carpenter 2009)
Semantic elaboration at study means that a studied item can be retrieved with a different cue at test
What is context theory (Karpicke et al 2014)
- Memory on a final test is better if an initial memory test is harder
- Consistent with more active, mental reinstatement of context
What is spaced learning
Revisiting information after a break helps memory
What did Conway (1997) do with academic learning and episodic and semantic memory
- Tested psychology students immediately after a lecture course and in a delayed test
- Immediately after remembered lecture
- Delayed test knew facts
Episodic memories become
Semanticised over time
The episodic-like quality is gradually
Lost
