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Cognitive Psychology > Lecture 9- Intro To Speech Production > Flashcards

Lecture 9- Intro To Speech Production Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some challenges of speech production

A
  • No clear gaps between words
  • Co-articulation
  • Accent, gender and speaking rate
  • Time constraints
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2
Q

What is co-articulation

A

Changes in speech articulation of the current segment due to neighbouring speech
(Same word sounds different in different parts of a sentence)

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3
Q

How many words can we hear per minute

A

200

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4
Q

Examples of time constraints

A
  • Words per minute
  • Sound is fleeting
  • “Now or never bottle neck”
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5
Q

What is the process of a speaker

A

Linguistic level-> Physiological level-> acoustic level

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6
Q

What is the process of a listener

A

Acoustic level-> Physiological level-> Linguistic level

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7
Q

Physical process of producing speech

A
  • Lungs push air up the trachea (windpipe

- Air vibrates the vocal cords in the larynx (voice box)

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8
Q

Sounds from the vocal cords are shaped by

A

The supralaryngeal vocal tract

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9
Q

What is included in the supralaryngeal vocal tract

A
  • Pharynx
  • Oral cavity
  • Nasal cavity
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10
Q

Consonants are produced with

A

A constriction in the vocal tract

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11
Q

What are the 3 places of articulation

A
  • Labial
  • Alveolar
  • Velar
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12
Q

Constants are classified according to which 3 main features

A
  • Manner
  • Voicing
  • Place of articulation
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13
Q

What are examples of stop consonants with voicing

A

B, D, G

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14
Q

What are examples of stop consonants without voicing

A

P, T, K

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of manner

A
  • Stop
  • Fricative
  • Nasal
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16
Q

What are examples of fricative consonants without voicing

A

F, S

17
Q

What are examples of fricative consonants with voicing

A

V, Z

18
Q

What are examples of nasal consonants

A

M, N

19
Q

What are sound waves

A

Periodic displacement of air molecules, creating increases and decreases in air pressure

20
Q

What is amplitude of a sound wave

A

Related to loudness

21
Q

What is the period of a sound wave

A

Inversely related to frequency, important cue to pitch

22
Q

What does a spectrogram graph show

A

How sound amplitude caries as a function of time and frequency

23
Q

What does the dark grey represent on a spectrogram

A

Large amplitude

24
Q

What does the light grey represent on a spectrogram

A

Small amplitude

25
Q

Why are spectrograms useful

A

Because the ear splits sound by frequency so better captures the information available to the brain

26
Q

What is the ‘source’ of speech

A

Vocal cords in the larynx (voice box)

27
Q

What is the ‘filter’ for speech

A

The supralaryngeal vocal tract

28
Q

What does the source-filter theory believe the filter is important for

A

Producing different speech sounds (phonemes)

29
Q

What does the source-filter theory believe the source is important for

A
  • Vocal pitch

- Intonation

30
Q

What does the source-filter theory believe filtering appears as

A

Bands of energy at certain frequencies called ‘formants’

31
Q

What does the source-filter theory believe is the most important for speech intelligibility

A

The lowest 3 formant frequencies

32
Q

Changing from high to low vowels causes

A

First formants (F1) frequency to increase

33
Q

Changing from front to back vowels causes

A

Second formants (F2) frequency to decrease

34
Q

F2 and F3 are important cues for

A

Identifying consonants

35
Q

What is categorical perception

A

The tendency to perceive gradual sensory changes in a discrete fashion

36
Q

What are the three hallmarks of categorical perception

A
  • Abrupt change in identification at phoneme boundary
  • Discrimination peak at phoneme boundary
  • Discrimination predicted from identification
37
Q

Source-filter theory describes speech production as 2

A

Independent components with distinct perceptual correlates

38
Q

Speech sounds are perceived in a

A

Categorical fashion, even if they are acoustically ambiguous

39
Q

Speech perception is strongly influenced by

A

The context in which they are heard

Cognitive Psychology (20 decks)

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