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HEMATOLOGY 1 > WBCs > Flashcards

WBCs Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleated cells that function in body defense

A

WBCs (White Blood Cells)

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2
Q

Reference range for adult WBC count

A

4.5 to 11.0 X 10⁹/L (SI) [or 4,500 to 11,000 /mm³ (conventional)]

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3
Q

Reference range for newborn WBC count

A

13.5 to 38.0 X 10⁹/L (SI) [or 13,500 to 38,000 /mm³ (conventional)]

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4
Q

Predominant WBC in adults

A

Neutrophils

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5
Q

Predominant WBC in children <4 years

A

Lymphocytes

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6
Q

Most valuable and reliable criterion for WBC maturity

A

Nuclear chromatic pattern

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7
Q

Granulocytes classification

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

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8
Q

Agranulocytes classification

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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9
Q

Polymorphonuclear WBCs

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

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10
Q

Mononuclear WBCs

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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11
Q

Phagocytic WBCs

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Monocytes

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12
Q

Immunocytes classification

A

Lymphocytes (B and T cells)

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13
Q

Granulocytic series maturation

A

Nuclear chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, cytoplasm becomes less basophilic, specific granules appear

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14
Q

Granulocytic series nuclear changes during maturation

A

Nucleus indents and becomes segmented, overall cell size decreases (except promyelocyte)

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15
Q

Size and characteristics of myeloblasts

A

14 to 20 μm, earliest recognizable granulocytic precursor, 0 to 3% of nucleated cells in bone marrow

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16
Q

Type I myeloblasts characteristics

A

Nucleus occupies most of the cell, very little cytoplasm, slightly basophilic cytoplasm, fine nuclear chromatin, 2-4 visible nucleoli, no visible granules

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17
Q

Type II myeloblasts characteristics

A

Dispersed primary (azurophilic) granules in cytoplasm (≤20 granules per cell)

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18
Q

Type III myeloblasts characteristics

A

Darker chromatin, more purple cytoplasm, >20 granules that do not obscure the nucleus, rare in normal bone marrow, seen in acute myeloid leukemias

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19
Q

Size and characteristics of promyelocyte

A

16 to 25 μm, 1 to 5% of nucleated cells in bone marrow, larger than myeloblast, round to oval nucleus, often eccentric

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20
Q

Hof in promyelocyte

A

Hollow in cytoplasm where nucleus lodges, present in normal promyelocytes, absent in malignant promyelocytes of acute promyelocytic leukemia

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21
Q

Cytoplasm characteristics of promyelocyte

A

Evenly basophilic, filled with primary (azurophilic/nonspecific) granules

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22
Q

Nucleoli in promyelocyte

A

1 to 3 nucleoli, may be obscured by granules

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23
Q

Synthesis of primary granules begins in which cell?

A

Promyelocyte (TYPE II MYELOBLAST - BEST ANSWER)

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24
Q

Last stage of granulocyte maturation capable of mitosis

A

Myelocyte

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25
Q

Synthesis of secondary (specific) granules occurs in which stage?

A

Myelocyte

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26
Q

Early myelocyte appearance

A

Patches of grainy pale pink cytoplasm representing secondary granules in Golgi area (Dawn of Neutrophil)

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27
Q

Late myelocyte appearance

A

Smaller than promyelocytes, nucleus with more heterochromatin, nucleoli difficult to see

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28
Q

Stage after myelocyte

A

first stage of nuclear indentation

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29
Q

Characteristic appearance of metamyelocyte nucleus

A

Peanut or kidney bean shape with indentation <1/2 of nuclear width

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30
Q

Synthesis of tertiary granules (gelatinase granules) begins in which stage?

A

Metamyelocyte

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31
Q

Stage after metamyelocyte

A

first appearance in peripheral blood

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32
Q

Appearance of band cell nucleus

A

Elongated, curved, or sausage-shaped with rounded ends

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33
Q

Difference between band cell and segmented neutrophil

A

Filaments NOT present in band cells

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34
Q

Recommendation for reporting bands in peripheral blood

A

Include in neutrophil counts, not separate category

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35
Q

Increase in neutrophil level in the blood

A

Neutrophilia

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36
Q

Conditions associated with neutrophilia

A

Bacterial infections, appendicitis, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatitis, colitis, MI, severe hemolysis, trauma, parasites, lithium, chemicals, drugs, myelogenous leukemia, venoms, actinomyces fungi

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37
Q

Cause of physiologic neutrophilia (Pseudoneutrophilia)

A

Shift of marginated cells to the circulatory pool (exercise, temp changes, nausea, pregnancy, stress)

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38
Q

Decrease in neutrophil level in the blood

A

Neutropenia

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39
Q

Conditions associated with neutropenia

A

Overwhelming infections, splenomegaly, hemodialysis, copper deficiency, alcoholism, babies born to hypertensive mothers, chemical toxicity, marrow replacement, nutritional deficiencies, cytotoxic drugs

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40
Q

Extreme neutropenia (Agranulocytosis) neutrophil count

A

<0.5 x 10^9/L

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41
Q

Drugs associated with agranulocytosis (extreme neutropenia)

A

Amidopyrine, cephalosporin

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42
Q

Increased level of eosinophils in the blood

A

Eosinophilia

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43
Q

Conditions associated with eosinophilia

A

Asthma, hay fever, psoriasis, eczema, scarlet fever, eosinophilic leukemia, parasitic infections

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44
Q

Moderate to severe eosinophilia is most commonly associated with

A

Helminthic infections (parasitic worms including nematodes, trematodes, cestodes)

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45
Q

Decreased level of eosinophils in the blood

A

Eosinopenia

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46
Q

Conditions associated with eosinopenia

A

ACTH administration, autoimmune disorders, steroid therapy, stress, sepsis, acute inflammatory states

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47
Q

Parasitic infection with highest eosinophil count

A

Trichinosis (T. spiralis)

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48
Q

Increased basophil count in the blood is called

A

Basophilia

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49
Q

Conditions associated with basophilia

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, hypothyroidism, ulcerative colitis, estrogen therapy

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50
Q

Decreased basophil count in the blood is called

A

Basopenia

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51
Q

Conditions associated with basopenia

A

Acute infections, stress, hyperthyroidism, increased glucocorticoids, chronic urticaria

52
Q

Stage of neutrophil maturation

A

Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte, Metamyelocyte, Band, Segmented

53
Q

N:C ratio in Myeloblast

A

0.16736111111111107

54
Q

N:C ratio in Promyelocyte

A

0.12569444444444455

55
Q

N:C ratio in Myelocyte

A

2:1 to 1:1

56
Q

N:C ratio in Metamyelocyte

A

0.04236111111111107

57
Q

N:C ratio in Band

A

0.04236111111111107

58
Q

N:C ratio in Segmented

A

0.04236111111111107

59
Q

Nuclear chromatin in Myeloblast

A

Reticular

60
Q

Nuclear chromatin in Promyelocyte

A

Smooth

61
Q

Nuclear chromatin in Myelocyte

A

Slightly clumped

62
Q

Nuclear chromatin in Metamyelocyte

A

Clumped

63
Q

Nuclear chromatin in Band

A

Very clumped

64
Q

Nuclear chromatin in Segmented

A

Densely packed

65
Q

Cytoplasm amount in Myeloblast

A

Scanty

66
Q

Cytoplasm amount in Promyelocyte

A

Slightly increased

67
Q

Cytoplasm amount in Myelocyte

A

Moderate

68
Q

Cytoplasm amount in Metamyelocyte

A

Moderate

69
Q

Cytoplasm amount in Band

A

Abundant

70
Q

Cytoplasm amount in Segmented

A

Abundant

71
Q

Cytoplasm color in Myeloblast

A

Medium blue

72
Q

Cytoplasm color in Promyelocyte

A

Moderate blue

73
Q

Cytoplasm color in Myelocyte

A

Blue-pink

74
Q

Cytoplasm color in Metamyelocyte

A

Pink

75
Q

Cytoplasm color in Band

A

Pink

76
Q

Cytoplasm color in Segmented

A

Pink

77
Q

Stage in Lymphocytic series

A

Lymphoblast, Prolymphocyte, Mature Lymphocyte

78
Q

Size of Lymphoblast

A

15 to 20 μm

79
Q

Size of Prolymphocyte

A

15 to 18 μm

80
Q

Size of Small Mature Lymphocyte

A

6 to 9 μm

81
Q

Size of Large Mature Lymphocyte

A

17 to 20 μm

82
Q

N:C ratio in Lymphoblast

A

0.16736111111111107

83
Q

N:C ratio in Prolymphocyte

A

4:1 to 3:1

84
Q

N:C ratio in Small Mature Lymphocyte

A

4:1 to 3:1

85
Q

N:C ratio in Large Mature Lymphocyte

A

0.08402777777777781

86
Q

Small lymphocyte characteristics

A

Predominant type in normal adult blood, composed mostly of nucleus, scanty cytoplasm

87
Q

Increased level of lymphocytes in blood

A

Lymphocytosis

88
Q

Decreased level of lymphocytes in blood

A

Lymphopenia/Lymphocytopenia

89
Q

Conditions associated with lymphocytosis

A

Infectious mononucleosis, Infectious lymphocytosis, Cytomegalovirus infection, Acute viral hepatitis, Bordetella pertussis infection, Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Acute HIV infection

90
Q

Conditions associated with lymphocytopenia

A

Aplastic anemia, AIDS, SARS, Ethanol abuse, Zinc deficiency

91
Q

Plasma cells (10 to 28 µm)

A

Final maturation stage of B lymphocytes

92
Q

Plasma cell nucleus characteristics

A

Small, oval, and eccentric; tortoise shell, cartwheel, or clock face appearance

93
Q

Plasma cell cytoplasm characteristics

A

Dark blue, sea blue, or cornflower in color; may contain Russel bodies with immunoglobulins

94
Q

Most common malignant disease of plasma cells

A

Plasma cell myeloma (multiple myeloma)

95
Q

Monocytic series stages

A

Monoblast, Promonocyte, Mature Monocyte

96
Q

Monoblast size

A

12 to 20 µm

97
Q

Promonocyte size

A

12 to 20 µm

98
Q

Mature Monocyte size

A

12 to 18 µm

99
Q

Monoblast N:C ratio

A

0.16736111111111107

100
Q

Promonocyte N:C ratio

A

3:1 to 2:1

101
Q

Mature Monocyte N:C ratio

A

2:1 to 1:1

102
Q

Monocyte characteristics

A

Slightly immature cell (immature macrophage)

103
Q

Increased (↑) level in blood

A

Monocytosis

104
Q

Decreased (↓) level in blood

A

Monocytopenia

105
Q

Associated conditions of monocytosis

A

Tuberculosis, Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis, Syphilis, Protozoal and rickettsial infections (malaria, typhus), Brucellosis, Typhoid, Gaucher disease, Hodgkin’s disease, Collagen vascular diseases (lupus erythematosus), Gastrointestinal disease, Surgical trauma

106
Q

Associated condition of monocytopenia

A

Aplastic anemia, Overwhelming infections in immunocompromised patients, Hemodialysis, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Steroid therapy

107
Q

Passing through blood to tissues

A

Diapedesis

108
Q

Macrophages

A

Size: 40 to 50 μm

109
Q

Macrophages origin

A

Derived from monocytes found in tissues

110
Q

Macrophages functions

A

Phagocytosis, Synthesize nitric oxide (cytotoxic against viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, tumor cells), Release interleukin 1 (stimulates T lymphocytes), Produce transcobalamin II (primary transport factor for vitamin B12)

111
Q

Transcobalamin II function

A

Vitamin B12 transport in the blood, binds vitamin B12 after it is liberated from intrinsic factor in the enterocyte

112
Q

Vitamin B12 plasma binding

A

10 to 30% of vitamin B12 bound to transcobalamin II (holoTC), 75% bound to transcobalamin I and III (haptocorrins)

113
Q

Active form of Vitamin B12

A

Holotranscobalamin (holoTC), the metabolically active form

114
Q

Liver

A

Kupffer cells

115
Q

Lungs

A

Alveolar macrophages (Dust cells)

116
Q

Kidneys

A

Renal macrophages (Mesangial cells)

117
Q

Brain

A

Microglial cells

118
Q

Skin

A

Langerhans cells (different from pancreatic Islet of Langerhans)

119
Q

Spleen

A

Splenic macrophages (Littoral cells)

120
Q

Intestines

A

Intestinal macrophages

121
Q

Peritoneum

A

Peritoneal macrophages

122
Q

Synovial tissue

A

Type A cells

123
Q

Reproductive organs

A

Reproductive organ macrophages

124
Q

Bone

A

Osteoclast

125
Q

Placenta

A

Hoffbauer cells

126
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Dendritic cells

HEMATOLOGY 1 (27 decks)

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