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HEMATOLOGY 1 > Erythropoiesis > Flashcards

Erythropoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Process of RBC formation inside the bone marrow

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2
Q

Erythron

A

Total mass of RBCs in peripheral blood and bone marrow RBC precursors

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3
Q

RBC mass

A

Erythrocytes in the circulation

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4
Q

Erythrokinetics

A

Dynamics of RBC creation and destruction (average lifespan 120 days)

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5
Q

Ineffective erythropoiesis

A

Production of defective RBC precursors, often undergoing apoptosis in bone marrow

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6
Q

Examples of ineffective erythropoiesis conditions

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia

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7
Q

Insufficient erythropoiesis

A

Decrease in RBC precursors, leading to decreased RBC production

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8
Q

Examples of insufficient erythropoiesis conditions

A

Iron deficiency, renal disease, acute leukemia

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9
Q

RBC survival test method

A

Label RBCs with chromium-51 (51Cr), track radioactivity decay to calculate survival time

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10
Q

Normal RBC survival time range

A

28 to 38 days

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11
Q

Anemia is classifies as

A

A sign, not a disease

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12
Q

Immature hematopoietic cells committed to a cell line; cannot be identified

A

Progenitor cells

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13
Q

Immature hematopoietic cells identifiable as belonging to a specific cell line

A

Precursor cells

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14
Q

Earliest marker of erythroid differentiation

A

CD71 (transferrin receptor)

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15
Q

Transport protein of iron in blood

A

Transferrin

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16
Q

Primary cell source of erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Peritubular interstitial cells in kidneys

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17
Q

Primary target cells of EPO

A

BFU-E and CFU-E

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18
Q

Effects of EPO

A

1) Early release of reticulocytes from bone marrow, 2) Reduces maturation time in bone marrow, 3) Prevents apoptosis (major way EPO increases RBC mass)

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19
Q

Therapeutic applications of EPO

A

Anemia of chronic renal disease, autologous blood donation, anemia in HIV infection

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20
Q

“Blood doping”

A

Athletes use EPO injections to increase oxygen-carrying capacity, which can lead to thrombosis

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21
Q

Growth hormone and erythropoiesis

A

Stimulates erythropoiesis, produced by pituitary gland

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22
Q

Testosterone and erythropoiesis

A

Stimulates erythropoiesis, produced by testes

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23
Q

Prolactin and erythropoiesis

A

Stimulates erythropoiesis, produced by pituitary gland

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24
Q

Estrogen and erythropoiesis

A

Inhibits erythropoiesis, produced by ovaries

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25
Q

Stages of RBC maturation

A

BFU-E → CFU-E → Rubriblast → Pro(basophilic) → rubriblast (polychromatophilic) → Meta(Orthochromatic) → Reticulocyte → Mature erythrocyte

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26
Q

Rubriblastic stages

A

Rubriblast → Prorubricyte → Rubricyte → Metarubricyte → Reticulocyte (seen in supravital stain) → Mature erythrocyte

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27
Q

Normoblastic stages

A

Pronormoblast → Basophilic (Early) Normoblast → Polychromatophilic/Intermediate Normoblast → Orthochromatic Normoblast (Late Normoblast) → Reticulocyte → Mature erythrocyte

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28
Q

Erythroblastic stages

A

Proerythroblast → Basophilic (Early) Erythroblast → Polychromatophilic Erythroblast (Intermediate Erythroblast) → Orthochromatic Erythroblast → Reticulocyte → Mature erythrocyte

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29
Q

Earliest committed erythroid progenitor

A

BFU-E (Burst forming unit- erythroid)

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30
Q

Second committed erythroid progenitor

A

CFU-E (Colony forming unit erythroid)

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31
Q

Time from BFU-E to CFU-E

A

1 week

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32
Q

Time from CFU-E to Rubriblast

A

1 week

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33
Q

Time for BFU-E to mature to erythrocyte

A

18 to 21 days

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34
Q

Time spent as recognizable precursors in bone marrow

A

Approximately 6 days

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35
Q

Supravital stains for reticulocytes

A

BCB (Brilliant cresyl blue), NMB (New methylene blue)

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36
Q

Reticulocytes under Wright stain

A

Polychromatophilic erythrocytes, Diffusely basophilic erythrocytes

37
Q

Changes in erythroid precursors during maturation

A

Decrease in diameter, nuclear diameter decreases, chromatin becomes coarser, nucleoli disappear, cytoplasm changes from blue to salmon pink

38
Q

N:C ratio definition

A

Nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, used to identify and stage RBC and WBC precursors

39
Q

What does N:C ratio represent?

A

Visual estimate of nucleus and cytoplasm area in a cell

40
Q

N:C ratio of 1:1

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm occupy approximately equal areas

41
Q

N:C ratio <1:1

A

Nucleus occupies less than 50% of the cell area

42
Q

N:C ratio >1:1

A

Nucleus occupies more than 50% of the cell area

43
Q

What causes basophilia in cells?

A

Acidic components attracting basic stains (e.g., methylene blue)

44
Q

What does the degree of basophilia correlate with?

A

Quantity of ribosomal RNA in the cell

45
Q

What causes eosinophilia (acidophilia) in cells?

A

Accumulation of basic components attracting eosin (acid stain)

46
Q

What does the degree of eosinophilia correlate with in RBCs?

A

Accumulation of hemoglobin as RBCs mature

47
Q

What is the size of a Rubriblast (Pronormoblast)?

A

12 to 19 μm

48
Q

What is the N:C ratio for Rubriblast (Pronormoblast)?

A

4:1 (Turgeon), 8:1 (Rodak)

49
Q

What are key characteristics of Rubriblast (Pronormoblast)?

A

!! earliest recognizable erythroid precursor under a light microscope; Round or slightly oval nucleus, 1-2 nucleoli, dark blue cytoplasm due to ribosomes, smallest cytoplasm,

50
Q

What does Rubriblast (Pronormoblast) give rise to?

A

Two prorubricytes

51
Q

What is the size of a Prorubricyte (Basophilic Normoblast)?

A

12 to 17 μm

52
Q

What is the N:C ratio for Prorubricyte (Basophilic Normoblast)?

A

4:1 (Turgeon), 6:1 (Rodak)

53
Q

What are key characteristics of Prorubricyte (Basophilic Normoblast)?

A

carse chromatin, absence of nucleoli, last stage with nucleolus

54
Q

What does Prorubricyte (Basophilic Normoblast) give rise to?

A

Four rubricytes

55
Q

What is the first stage of hemoglobin synthesis in erythropoiesis?

A

Prorubricyte (Basophilic Normoblast)

56
Q

What is the size of a Rubricyte (Polychromatic Normoblast)?

A

11 to 15 μm

57
Q

What is the N:C ratio for Rubricyte (Polychromatic Normoblast)?

A

‘1:1

58
Q

What are key characteristics of Rubricyte (Polychromatic Normoblast)?

A

Round, smaller nucleus with a thick membrane, eccentric, no nucleolus, gray cytoplasm

59
Q

What does Rubricyte (Polychromatic Normoblast) give rise to?

A

Two metarubricytes

60
Q

What is the last stage for mitosis in erythropoiesis?

A

Rubricyte (Polychromatic Normoblast)

61
Q

What is the first stage where cytoplasm becomes pink in erythropoiesis?

A

Rubricyte (Polychromatic Normoblast)

62
Q

What is the difference in the nucleus between a Rubricyte and a Lymphocyte?

A

Rubricyte nucleus: checkerboard, Lymphocyte nucleus: crushed velvet

63
Q

What is the difference in cytoplasm color between a Rubricyte and a Lymphocyte?

A

Rubricyte cytoplasm: muddy/gray, Lymphocyte cytoplasm: sky blue or robin egg blue

64
Q

What is the size of a Metarubricyte (Orthochromatic Normoblast)?

A

8 to 12 μm

65
Q

What is the N:C ratio for Metarubricyte (Orthochromatic Normoblast)?

A

‘1:2

66
Q

What are key characteristics of Metarubricyte (Orthochromatic Normoblast)?

A

Pyknotic nucleus, no nucleolus, salmon-pink cytoplasm

67
Q

What happens to the nucleus at the Metarubricyte stage?

A

Nucleus is extruded and the cell becomes a reticulocyte

68
Q

What are other names for Metarubricyte (Orthochromatic Normoblast)?

A

Nucleated RBC (NRBC), Pyknotic erythroblast, Acidophilic normoblast

69
Q

What is the last stage with a nucleus in erythropoiesis?

A

Metarubricyte (Orthochromatic Normoblast)

70
Q

What is a Pyrenocyte?

A

Enveloped extruded nucleus, engulfed by bone marrow macrophages

71
Q

What are Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

Small fragments of nucleus left behind after projection pinching, seen in RBCs in circulation

72
Q

What happens to Howell-Jolly bodies in circulation?

A

They are typically removed by splenic macrophages through pitting process

73
Q

What is the size of a Reticulocyte?

A

7 to 10 μm

74
Q

What is the predominant color of Reticulocyte cytoplasm?

A

Hemoglobin color with a bluish tinge due to residual ribosomes and RNA

75
Q

What happens to the Reticulocyte by the end of its stage?

A

It becomes salmon pink

76
Q

What is the last stage of hemoglobin synthesis?

A

Reticulocyte

77
Q

What are Reticulocytes?

A

Young RBCs with residual RNA, the last immature erythrocyte stage

78
Q

How long does a Reticulocyte spend in the bone marrow and peripheral blood?

A

2 to 3 days in bone marrow and 1 day in peripheral blood

79
Q

What is the shape of a Reticulocyte in electron micrographs?

A

Irregular shape

80
Q

What is the size of a Mature Erythrocyte?

A

6 to 8 μm

81
Q

What is the color of a Mature Erythrocyte’s cytoplasm?

A

Salmon pink with a central pallor occupying 1/3 of the cell’s diameter

82
Q

What is the shape of a Mature Erythrocyte?

A

Biconcave disk

83
Q

What is the thickness of a Mature Erythrocyte?

A

1.5 to 2.5 μm

84
Q

What is the average life span of a Mature Erythrocyte?

A

120 days

85
Q

How many erythrocytes are produced from each rubriblast?

A

8-32

86
Q

What is the normal RBC to WBC ratio?

A

Approximately 600:1

87
Q

What is the normal RBC to Platelet ratio?

A

Approximately 15:1

88
Q

Does an Adult RBC contain mitochondria?

A

No, it contains no mitochondria

HEMATOLOGY 1 (27 decks)

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