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HEMATOLOGY 1 > Differential Leukocytes > Flashcards

Differential Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

NUCLEUS composition of neutrophils

A

3 to 5 lobes separated by filaments

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2
Q

CYTOPLASM color of neutrophils

A

Pink to tan with violet or lilac granules

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3
Q

Most common WBC in normal peripheral blood

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

First phagocytes to reach infection sites

A

Neutrophils, followed by monocytes

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5
Q

Neutrophil movement

A

Zigzag pattern, becomes straight line in presence of chemotactic attractant

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6
Q

Progenitor shared by neutrophils and monocytes

A

GMP (Granulocyte monocyte progenitor)

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7
Q

Major cytokine for neutrophil production

A

G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)

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8
Q

Neutrophil half-life in blood

A

Approximately 7 hours

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9
Q

Major functions of neutrophils

A

1) Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign material, 2) Generation of NETs, 3) Secretory function (source of cytokines and transcobalamin I)

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10
Q

NETs structure

A

Extracellular threadlike structures made of chains of nucleosomes from unfolded nuclear chromatin (DNA)

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11
Q

NETs composition

A

Contain enzymes from neutrophil granules

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12
Q

NETs function

A

Trap and kill gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi

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13
Q

NETs production timing

A

Produced when neutrophils die as a result of antibacterial activity

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14
Q

Unique form of neutrophil cell death that results in the release of NETs

A

NETosis

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15
Q

Order of formation of neutrophil granules

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Secretory

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16
Q

Order of degranulation of neutrophil granules

A

Secretory, Tertiary, Secondary, Primary

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17
Q

Size of neutrophil granules (largest to smallest)

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Secretory

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18
Q

Primary (Azyrophilic) Granules contents

A

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Acid β-glycerophosphatase, Lysozyme, Cathepsins, Defensins, Elastase, Proteinase-3

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19
Q

Primary (Azyrophilic) Granules formation stage

A

Promyelocyte stage

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20
Q

Primary (Azyrophilic) Granules release order

A

Last to be released (exocytosis)

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21
Q

Myeloperoxidase function

A

Bactericidal, fungicidal, and viricidal properties

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22
Q

Myeloperoxidase detection method

A

Flow cytometry and cytochemical staining

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23
Q

Lysozyme function

A

Antimicrobial enzyme (muramidase)

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24
Q

Secondary (Specific) Granules contents

A

β2-microglobulin, Collagenase, Gelatinase, Lactoferrin, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, Transcobalamin I, Lysozyme

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25
Q

Secondary (Specific) Granules formation stage

A

Myelocyte and metamyelocyte stages

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26
Q

Secondary (Specific) Granules release order

A

Third to be released

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27
Q

Lactoferrin function

A

Iron-binding protein, competes with bacteria for iron

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28
Q

Tertiary (Gelatinase) Granules contents

A

Gelatinase, Collagenase, Lysozyme, Acetyltransferase, β2-microglobulin

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29
Q

Tertiary (Gelatinase) Granules formation stage

A

Metamyelocyte and band stages

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30
Q

Tertiary (Gelatinase) Granules release order

A

Second to be released

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31
Q

Secretory Granules contents

A

CD11b/CD18, Vesicle-associated membrane-2, CD10, CD13, CD14, CD16, Cytochrome b558, Complement 1q receptor, Alkaline phosphatase, Complement receptor-1

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32
Q

Secretory Granules formation stage

A

Band and segmented neutrophil stages

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33
Q

Secretory Granules release order

A

First to be released (fuse to plasma membrane)

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34
Q

Alkaline phosphatase activity in WBCs

A

Only neutrophils have alkaline phosphatase activity

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35
Q

CD11b/CD18 function in neutrophils

A

Contributes to tight stationary binding between neutrophils and endothelial cells

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36
Q

Neutrophil pools in the bone marrow

A

Stem cell pool, Mitotic (Proliferation) pool, Storage (Maturation) pool

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37
Q

Mitotic (Proliferation) pool components

A

CMP (CFU-GEMMs), GMP, Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte (last mitotic stage)

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38
Q

Storage (Maturation) pool components

A

Metamyelocyte, Band, Segmented neutrophils

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39
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell marker

A

CD34

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40
Q

Peripheral blood neutrophil pools and their ratio

A

Circulating Neutrophil Pool (CNP) and Marginal Neutrophil Pool (MNP), 50:50 ratio

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41
Q

Location of Circulating Neutrophil Pool (CNP)

A

Found in plasma

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42
Q

Location of Marginal Neutrophil Pool (MNP)

A

Found adhering to blood vessels

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43
Q

Nucleus characteristics of eosinophils

A

Dark purple, usually has two lobes

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44
Q

Cytoplasm characteristics of eosinophils

A

Filled with large, spherical granules of uniform size that stain bright orange

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45
Q

Most specific cytokine for eosinophil lineage

A

IL-5

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46
Q

Functions of IL-5 in eosinophil lineage

A

Promotes terminal maturation, functional activation, and prevention of apoptosis

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47
Q

Normal tissue destinations of eosinophils

A

Underlying columnar epithelial surfaces in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts

48
Q

Hallmark condition associated with eosinophilia

A

Allergic disorders

49
Q

Eosinophil’s role in helminthic infections

A

Secretes MBP, eosinophil cationic protein, and produces reactive oxygen species to destroy tissue-invading helminths

50
Q

Eosinophil regulation of mast cells

A

Releases MBP to cause mast cell degranulation and cytokine production

51
Q

Additional function of eosinophils in mast cell regulation

A

Produces nerve growth factor to promote mast cell survival and activation

52
Q

Circulating half-life of eosinophils

A

Approximately 18 hours

53
Q

Survival time of eosinophils in human tissues

A

2 to 5 days

54
Q

Primary granules of eosinophils are formed during which stage?

A

Promyelocyte stage

55
Q

Primary granules of eosinophils contain what key protein?

A

Charcot-Leyden crystal protein

56
Q

Secondary granules of eosinophils are formed during which period?

A

Throughout remaining maturation

57
Q

Core content of secondary eosinophil granules includes?

A

Major basic protein, Interleukins 2, 4, and 5, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

58
Q

Matrix content of secondary eosinophil granules includes?

A

Eosinophil cationic protein, Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, Eosinophil peroxidase, Lysozyme, Catalase, Interleukin-6

59
Q

Key functions of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein

A

Disintegration product of eosinophils

60
Q

Appearance of Charcot-Leyden crystals under Hematoxylin stain

A

Black

61
Q

Appearance of Charcot-Leyden crystals under Eosin stain

A

Red

62
Q

Appearance of Charcot-Leyden crystals under Trichrome stain

A

Purplish red

63
Q

Small lysosomal granules of eosinophils contain?

A

Acid phosphatase, Arylsulfatase B, Catalase, Cytochrome b558, Elastase, Eosinophil cationic protein

64
Q

Lipid bodies in eosinophils contain enzymes like?

A

Cyclooxygenase, 5-Lipoxygenase, 15-Lipoxygenase, Leukotriene C4 synthase, Eosinophil peroxidase, Esterase

65
Q

Function of storage (secretory) vesicles in eosinophils

A

Carry proteins from secondary granules to be released into the extracellular medium

66
Q

Methods of eosinophil degranulation

A

1) Classical exocytosis, 2) Compound exocytosis, 3) Piecemeal degranulation, 4) Cytolysis

67
Q

Granules fuse with the membrane and release contents

A

Classical exocytosis

68
Q

Granules join together, then fuse with the membrane

A

Compound exocytosis

69
Q

Vesicles take proteins from granules and release them

A

Piecemeal degranulation

70
Q

Granules are released when the cell bursts

A

Cytolysis

71
Q

Appearance of basophil nucleus

A

Difficult to observe due to overlying granules; generally unsegmented or bilobed

72
Q

Appearance of basophil cytoplasm

A

Densely stained with dark violet to purple-black granules; variable in size and unevenly distributed

73
Q

Contents of basophil granules

A

Histamine, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-13, Chondroitin sulfates (e.g., heparin)

74
Q

Function of Toluidine blue stain

A

Binds acid mucopolysaccharides to form metachromatic complexes (e.g., reddish-violet granules in basophils and mast cells)

75
Q

Metachromasia

A

Reaction product color different from the dye itself (e.g., reddish-violet granules with toluidine blue)

76
Q

Fixative used before toluidine blue stain

A

Mota’s fixative

77
Q

Value of toluidine blue stain

A

Identifies basophils and mast cells, especially neoplastic forms with reduced granules

78
Q

Surface receptors on basophils

A

IgE receptors that trigger granule release upon cross-linking by antigen

79
Q

Basophil-induced antibody synthesis

A

Induce B cells to synthesize IgE

80
Q

Role of basophils in parasitic infections

A

Promote eosinophilia and aid worm expulsion

81
Q

Least common WBC in peripheral blood

A

Basophils

82
Q

Life span of basophils

A

60 hours

83
Q

Mast cells vs basophils

A

Mast cells are connective tissue cells with basophilic granules (e.g., heparin, histamine) and are not leukocytes

84
Q

Substances released by mast cells

A

Heparin, serotonin, bradykinin, histamine (in response to IgE stimulation)

85
Q

Monocyte nucleus shape

A

Round, horse-shoe shaped or lobulated, with folding or convolutions

86
Q

Monocyte chromatin appearance

A

Lace-like or stringy

87
Q

Presence of nuclear vacuoles in monocytes

A

May be present

88
Q

Monocyte cytoplasm appearance

A

Abundant, blue-gray with fine, indistinct granules (azure dust), ground-glass appearance

89
Q

Features in monocyte cytoplasm

A

Small pseudopods or blebs, cytoplasmic vacuoles may be present

90
Q

Monocyte size comparison

A

Largest cell in normal blood, about 2 to 3 times the diameter of an RBC

91
Q

Monocyte identification stain

A

Strong positive reaction with nonspecific esterase stain

92
Q

Enzymes used in nonspecific esterase stain

A

Alpha-naphthyl acetate and butyrate esterase

93
Q

Sodium fluoride effect on monocytic enzyme

A

Inhibits enzyme activity of monocytic origin

94
Q

Sodium fluoride effect on granulocytic or lymphocytic enzyme

A

No inhibition occurs

95
Q

Monocyte enzyme present

A

Rich in muramidase

96
Q

Promonocyte division under normal conditions

A

2 mitotic divisions to produce 4 monocytes in 60 hours

97
Q

Promonocyte division under increased demand

A

4 divisions to produce 16 monocytes in 60 hours

98
Q

Monocyte pools in peripheral blood

A

Marginal pool (3.5x the circulating pool) and circulating pool

99
Q

Monocyte circulation time

A

Approximately 3 days

100
Q

Characteristics of lymphocyte nucleus

A

Deep purple, round, oval, or indented with visible nucleoli

101
Q

Typical color of lymphocyte cytoplasm

A

Sky-blue or ‘Robin egg’ blue

102
Q

Sources of lymphocytes

A

Bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic system

103
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells

104
Q

T & B cells immunity type

A

Adaptive immunity

105
Q

NK cells immunity type

A

Innate immunity

106
Q

Physiological characteristic 1 of lymphocytes

A

Predestined to migrate

107
Q

Physiological characteristic 2 of lymphocytes

A

A heterogeneous group of cells

108
Q

Physiological characteristic 3 of lymphocytes

A

Not an obligate end cell

109
Q

Obligate end cell definition

A

A mature cell committed to perform a function, then dies (e.g., neutrophil)

110
Q

Variant lymphocyte appearance

A

Nucleus: Dense to pale and immature-looking; Cytoplasm: Deeply basophilic to pale blue and abundant

111
Q

Variant lymphocytes seen in

A

Nonmalignant reactive disorders

112
Q

Synonyms for variant lymphocytes

A

Reactive lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes, virocytes, stress lymphocytes, Downey cells, transformed lymphocytes, transitional lymphocytes, glandular fever cells

113
Q

Type I variant lymphocyte

A

aka Turk’s Irritation Cell or Plasmacytoid Lymphocyte, seen in German Measles

114
Q

Type II variant lymphocyte

A

aka Infectious Mononucleosis Cell, seen in Infectious Mononucleosis, characterized by flared skirt/fried egg appearance

115
Q

Type III variant lymphocyte

A

Finely reticulated nuclear pattern

HEMATOLOGY 1 (27 decks)

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