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HEMATOLOGY 1 > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Process of blood cell formation

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2
Q

What is the classical marker of hematopoietic stem cells?

A

CD 34

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3
Q

When does hematopoiesis start in embryonic development?

A

Around the nineteenth day of embryonic development

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4
Q

What are the two related theories on the origin of hematopoietic progenitor cells?

A

Polyphyletic Theory, Monophyletic Theory

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5
Q

Which theory is most widely accepted among experimental hematologists?

A

Monophyletic Theory

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6
Q

What is the name of the pluripotential stem cell suggested by the Monophyletic Theory?

A

Pluripotential stem cell

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7
Q

What are the three phases of hematopoiesis?

A

Mesoblastic/Megaloblastic, Hepatic stage, Intramedullary/Myeloid

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8
Q

What is the chief site of hematopoiesis during the Mesoblastic phase?

A

Yolk sac

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9
Q

What is the chief site of hematopoiesis during the Hepatic stage?

A

Fetal liver, with contributions from spleen, thymus, lymph nodes

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10
Q

What is the chief site of hematopoiesis during the Intramedullary/Myeloid phase?

A

Bone marrow

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11
Q

What is the first blood cell formed during the Mesoblastic phase?

A

Primitive erythroblast

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12
Q

What hemoglobins are produced by Primitive Erythroblasts?

A

Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland

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13
Q

How does yolk sac hematopoiesis differ from fetal and adult hematopoiesis?

A

Yolk sac hematopoiesis occurs intravascularly (within developing blood vessels)

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14
Q

What is the predominant hemoglobin during the Hepatic stage?

A

Hb F (Fetal hemoglobin)

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15
Q

Which organ is the first to develop in the fetus?

A

Thymus

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16
Q

What is the role of the thymus during the Hepatic stage?

A

Major site of T cell production

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17
Q

Which organs produce B cells during the Hepatic stage?

A

Kidneys and spleen

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18
Q

When does hematopoiesis start in the bone marrow?

A

Before the 5th month of fetal development

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19
Q

When does bone marrow become the chief site of hematopoiesis?

A

By the end of 24 weeks’ gestation

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20
Q

Where are hematopoietic tissues located in adults?

A

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, liver

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21
Q

What is produced by the bone marrow in adults?

A

Developing erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid, and megakaryocytic cells

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22
Q

What function does bone marrow have in adults?

A

Acts as a primary lymphoid organ

23
Q

How many RBCs are generated per kilogram of body weight daily by the bone marrow?

A

2.5 billion RBCs

24
Q

How many granulocytes are generated per kilogram of body weight daily by the bone marrow?

A

1 billion granulocytes

25
Q

How many platelets are generated per kilogram of body weight daily by the bone marrow?

A

2.5 billion platelets

26
Q

What is retrogression in the context of hematopoiesis?

A

The process of replacing red marrow with yellow marrow during development

27
Q

When does retrogression occur in humans?

A

Between 5 and 7 years of age

28
Q

What is the result of retrogression in adults? (RSVP)

A

Red marrow is restricted to the ribs, sternum, skull, shoulder blades, vertebrae, and proximal ends of long bones

29
Q

What is yellow marrow made of?

A

Adipocytes

30
Q

How does yellow marrow respond to increased demand on the bone marrow?

A

It can revert back to active marrow

31
Q

What are the proportions of red and yellow marrow in adults?

A

Approximately equal amounts, 50% red marrow and 50% yellow marrow

32
Q

What is the function of red marrow?

A

Hematopoietic activity, producing RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

33
Q

What is the function of yellow marrow?

A

Inactive hematopoietic activity, made up of adipocytes

34
Q

When does yellow marrow replace red marrow in childhood?

A

Between 5 to 7 years old

35
Q

Where does lymphoid development occur?

A

Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus), secondary lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes)

36
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

37
Q

Function of primary lymphoid organs?

A

Derivation of T and B lymphocytes

38
Q

Location of B cell differentiation?

A

Bone marrow

39
Q

Thymus during fetal development?

A

Increases in size until puberty, then atrophies with aging

40
Q

Major secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen and lymph nodes

41
Q

Functions of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Trapping foreign substances, antibody production, T lymphocyte induction

42
Q

Largest secondary lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

43
Q

Lymph node shape and size?

A

Small, ovoid, bean-shaped, < 1 cm in diameter

44
Q

Role of spleen in immunity?

A

Synthesis and release of antibodies

45
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Solid tumor of lymphoid tissue

46
Q

Effects of splenectomy in children?

A

Increased bacterial sepsis (S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae)

47
Q

Effects of splenectomy in adults?

A

Increased blood-borne bacterial infections

48
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the spleen

49
Q

Minor secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s patches, MALT

50
Q

Function of Peyer’s patches?

A

Detect substances in the small intestine lining

51
Q

What is MALT?

A

Unencapsulated lymphoid tissues in mucosal areas

52
Q

What is extramedullary hematopoiesis?

A

Hematopoiesis in the liver in response to infection or myelofibrosis

53
Q

Role of liver in hematopoiesis?

A

Maintains hematopoietic stem cells for blood cell generation

HEMATOLOGY 1 (27 decks)

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