water soluble vitamins- vitamin c and b complex Flashcards
functions of water soluble vitamins recognise groups at risk of vitamin deficiency effect of the deficiency of water soluble vitamins on general and oral health interactions between different vitamins and the effect on medications on inducing vitamin deficiency
what is the definition of a vitamin
organic molecules required in small amounts to maintains life
they are essential as they cannot be made from the body so they need to be eaten or from supplements
which vitamins are fat soluble
A
D
E
K
which vitamins are water soluble
C, B6/pyridoxine B12/coboalmin biotin folate niacin pantothenic acid B2 B1
what is another name for vitamin b2
riboflavin
what is another name for vitamin b1
thiamin
how are excess water soluble vitamins stored
excreted in the urine
and are less toxic
how are excess fat soluble vitamins stored
accumulate in adipose tissue and can reach toxic levels
what must be present to absorb fat soluble vitamins
fat
what is the RNI of vitamin c
40mg per day
what are the two forms of vitamin c
ascorbic acid and ascorbate salts
what are the different forms of ascorbate salts
e301,e302
e303
how much more vitamin c do smokers need than non smokers
twice as much
what are the sources of vitamin c
fruit eg orange
vegetables red peppers, leafy greens
potatoes
what is the function of vitamin c
antioxidant
required in the synthesis of biomolecules- collagen
also iron absorption
what are the deficiency diseases of vitamin c
scurvy
mild anaemia- due to reduced iron absorption
what is lysine converted into in collagen synthesis
hydroxylysine
what is proline converted into in collagen synthesis
hydroxyproline
what do the hydroxylates enzymes require in collagen synthesis
Fe2+ ions
what is the importance of vitamin c in collagen synthesis
it stops the oxidation of iron 2+ into fe3+ which renders the enzymes useless
if we have decreased vitamin c which tissues are particularly affected
those that have a rapid turnover rate eg the PDL
WHY IS hydroxylation of proline and lysine important
as the collagen molecules forming in the pro collagen do not hydrogen bond correctly therefore they are very easy to break
what are the initial symptoms of scurvy
gingival inflammation and bleeding
what are the progressive symptoms of scurvy
impaired wound healing
bleeding gingiva
damage of the PDL and tooth looseness
which groups are at risk of vitamin c deficiency
elderly alcohol/drug abuse fad diet followers smokers infants- not breast-feeding renal failure and dialysis malabsorption conditions
why might chewable vitamin c not be the best option
eating too much of this everyday can cause enamel erosion as it is acidic
what is the ph of vitamin c
2.8
what important ingredient should be in chewable vitamin c
buffered solution such as sodium ascorbate
what are the members of the vitamin b complex
B1- thiamin B2- riboflavin B3-niacin B5-pantothenic acid B6-pyridoxine B7/B8-biotin B9-folate B12-coalamin
why is biotin b7/b8
as it has two forms
what is vitamin B1,2,3 and 8 used in
in energy production
what is vitamin b6 essential for
amino acid and hormonal regulation
what is vitamin b9 and b12 used for
DNA synthesis and cellular division
what is a deficiency in one of the vitamins associated with
a deficiency in others
which groups are at risk of vitamin b complex deficiency
older adults
pregnant women
people that suffer from conditions with malabsorption- crowns celiac HIV and alcohol misuse
what are some general vitamin b complex deficiency symptoms
fatigue confusion anaemia compromised immune system skin rashes
what are oral symptoms of vitamin b complex deficiency
angular chelosis
ulcers
glossitis
where is vitamin b stored
in the liver
what is the reference nutrient intake of folate(vitamin b9
200 micrograms a day
what is the sources of vitamin b 9
green leafy veggies and the liver,nuts and whole grain cereal
what is the function of folate
involved in DNA synthesis
required for cell division
role in nucleic acid synthesis such as in babies, bone marrow cells,hair, mucosal cell and cancer cell
when does folic acid deficiency occur
2-3 months
what can folic acid defieicny cause
megaloblastic anaemia hair loss, fatigue and birth defects
which birth defects can folic acid defieicny cause
spina bride and anencephaly
what folate deficiency symptoms might be replicated in cancer therapy
sickness
anaemia
hair loss
what is methotrexate
a drug used in chemotherapy
what is methylene trtrahydrofolate used for
essential for DNA synthesis
what does a lack of folate increase the level of
circulating homocysteine which is a factor in heart disease
when does the closure of the neural tube occur
28th day of pregnancy
what can reduce neural tube defects
400 micrograms of folic acid supplement a day for a few months before conception and during the first month of pregnancy
what can increased folic acid help with during pregnancy
reduced cleft lip
reduced anencephaly or spina bifida
what is the rni of vitamin b12
1.5 micrograms
what is the source of cobalamin
only produced by microorganims- obtained by eating animals, eggs and dairy
what is the functions of cobalamin
folate metabolism
maintain the homocysteine lebel low- PROTECTING HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
involved in blood formation
crucial for normal nerve function
how is vitamin b12- cobalamin absorped
- by binding to a glycoprotein known as intrinsic factor
- the vitamin intrinsic factor is recognised by surface receptors of mucosal cells in the ileum and absorbed
- Complex is then transported around the body bound to a specific B12 binding protein (transcobalamin) and then is stored in the liver.
what is intrinsic factor released by
the parietal cells
what binding protein does the vitamin intrinsic factor bind fo
transcobalamin
when does b12 deficiency occur
usually due to a reduction in intrinsic factor production
which groups are at risk of B12 deficiency
Dietary deficiency only found in strict vegetarians or vegans.
Elderly
gastritis, and inability to synthesise IF
Patients with malabsorption diseases
Patients who have malabsorption due to side effects of medications such as diabetics, renal insufficiency and dementia patients
what re the symptoms of b12 deficiency
mental problems fatigue hair problems chronic pain infertility blood disorders
what is the type of anaemia called when there is lack of IF
pernicious anaemia
what does vitamin b12 help with in nerves
the formation fo the myelin sheath
what can happen if there has been vitamin b12 deficiency for a long time
the damage can be irreparable eg for in nerve damage
how can we diagnose between the difference of a folate deficiency or a vitamin b12 deficiency
specific two-step blood test should be performed
how do we take a two step blood test
holotranscobalamin content is determined and the second step determines the concentration of metabolic products, resulting from the lack of vitamin B12, such as methylmalonic acids and homocysteine
what is the two step test both has unfavourable results
vitamin b12 deficiency should be assumed and IV drip of b12 should be administered
what are some oral manifestations of vitamin b12 deficiency
higher incidence of dental caries and gingival problems in children with systemic B12 deficiency
what are proton pump inhibitors used for
gastroesophageal reflux disorder(GERD)
what is metformin used for
diabetes
what is furosemide used for
heart failure
what is levodopa and carbidopa used for
parkinson disease
what is isoniazid used for
tuberculosis
which nutrient deficiency is proton pump inhibitors associated with
B12
Vit c
which nutrient deficiency is metformin associated with
vit B12
which nutrient deficiency is furosemide associated with
calcium
magnesium
which nutrient deficiency is levodopa/carbidopa associated with
bitamin b12
which nutrient deficiency is isoniazid associated with
vitamin b6- pyridoxine
