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water soluble vitamins- vitamin c and b complex Flashcards

functions of water soluble vitamins recognise groups at risk of vitamin deficiency effect of the deficiency of water soluble vitamins on general and oral health interactions between different vitamins and the effect on medications on inducing vitamin deficiency

1
Q

what is the definition of a vitamin

A

organic molecules required in small amounts to maintains life
they are essential as they cannot be made from the body so they need to be eaten or from supplements

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2
Q

which vitamins are fat soluble

A

A
D
E
K

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3
Q

which vitamins are water soluble

A 
C,
B6/pyridoxine 
B12/coboalmin 
biotin 
folate 
niacin 
pantothenic acid 
B2
B1
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4
Q

what is another name for vitamin b2

A

riboflavin

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5
Q

what is another name for vitamin b1

A

thiamin

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6
Q

how are excess water soluble vitamins stored

A

excreted in the urine

and are less toxic

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7
Q

how are excess fat soluble vitamins stored

A

accumulate in adipose tissue and can reach toxic levels

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8
Q

what must be present to absorb fat soluble vitamins

A

fat

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9
Q

what is the RNI of vitamin c

A

40mg per day

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10
Q

what are the two forms of vitamin c

A

ascorbic acid and ascorbate salts

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11
Q

what are the different forms of ascorbate salts

A

e301,e302

e303

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12
Q

how much more vitamin c do smokers need than non smokers

A

twice as much

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13
Q

what are the sources of vitamin c

A

fruit eg orange
vegetables red peppers, leafy greens
potatoes

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14
Q

what is the function of vitamin c

A

antioxidant
required in the synthesis of biomolecules- collagen
also iron absorption

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15
Q

what are the deficiency diseases of vitamin c

A

scurvy

mild anaemia- due to reduced iron absorption

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16
Q

what is lysine converted into in collagen synthesis

A

hydroxylysine

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17
Q

what is proline converted into in collagen synthesis

A

hydroxyproline

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18
Q

what do the hydroxylates enzymes require in collagen synthesis

A

Fe2+ ions

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19
Q

what is the importance of vitamin c in collagen synthesis

A

it stops the oxidation of iron 2+ into fe3+ which renders the enzymes useless

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20
Q

if we have decreased vitamin c which tissues are particularly affected

A

those that have a rapid turnover rate eg the PDL

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21
Q

WHY IS hydroxylation of proline and lysine important

A

as the collagen molecules forming in the pro collagen do not hydrogen bond correctly therefore they are very easy to break

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22
Q

what are the initial symptoms of scurvy

A

gingival inflammation and bleeding

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23
Q

what are the progressive symptoms of scurvy

A

impaired wound healing
bleeding gingiva
damage of the PDL and tooth looseness

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24
Q

which groups are at risk of vitamin c deficiency

A 
elderly 
alcohol/drug abuse
fad diet followers 
smokers
infants- not breast-feeding 
renal failure and dialysis 
malabsorption conditions
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25
why might chewable vitamin c not be the best option
eating too much of this everyday can cause enamel erosion as it is acidic
26
what is the ph of vitamin c
2.8
27
what important ingredient should be in chewable vitamin c
buffered solution such as sodium ascorbate
28
what are the members of the vitamin b complex
``` B1- thiamin B2- riboflavin B3-niacin B5-pantothenic acid B6-pyridoxine B7/B8-biotin B9-folate B12-coalamin ```
29
why is biotin b7/b8
as it has two forms
30
what is vitamin B1,2,3 and 8 used in
in energy production
31
what is vitamin b6 essential for
amino acid and hormonal regulation
32
what is vitamin b9 and b12 used for
DNA synthesis and cellular division
33
what is a deficiency in one of the vitamins associated with
a deficiency in others
34
which groups are at risk of vitamin b complex deficiency
older adults pregnant women people that suffer from conditions with malabsorption- crowns celiac HIV and alcohol misuse
35
what are some general vitamin b complex deficiency symptoms
``` fatigue confusion anaemia compromised immune system skin rashes ```
36
what are oral symptoms of vitamin b complex deficiency
angular chelosis ulcers glossitis
37
where is vitamin b stored
in the liver
38
what is the reference nutrient intake of folate(vitamin b9
200 micrograms a day
39
what is the sources of vitamin b 9
green leafy veggies and the liver,nuts and whole grain cereal
40
what is the function of folate
involved in DNA synthesis required for cell division role in nucleic acid synthesis such as in babies, bone marrow cells,hair, mucosal cell and cancer cell
41
when does folic acid deficiency occur
2-3 months
42
what can folic acid defieicny cause
megaloblastic anaemia hair loss, fatigue and birth defects
43
which birth defects can folic acid defieicny cause
spina bride and anencephaly
44
what folate deficiency symptoms might be replicated in cancer therapy
sickness anaemia hair loss
45
what is methotrexate
a drug used in chemotherapy
46
what is methylene trtrahydrofolate used for
essential for DNA synthesis
47
what does a lack of folate increase the level of
circulating homocysteine which is a factor in heart disease
48
when does the closure of the neural tube occur
28th day of pregnancy
49
what can reduce neural tube defects
400 micrograms of folic acid supplement a day for a few months before conception and during the first month of pregnancy
50
what can increased folic acid help with during pregnancy
reduced cleft lip | reduced anencephaly or spina bifida
51
what is the rni of vitamin b12
1.5 micrograms
52
what is the source of cobalamin
only produced by microorganims- obtained by eating animals, eggs and dairy
53
what is the functions of cobalamin
folate metabolism maintain the homocysteine lebel low- PROTECTING HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS involved in blood formation crucial for normal nerve function
54
how is vitamin b12- cobalamin absorped
1. by binding to a glycoprotein known as intrinsic factor 2. the vitamin intrinsic factor is recognised by surface receptors of mucosal cells in the ileum and absorbed 3. Complex is then transported around the body bound to a specific B12 binding protein (transcobalamin) and then is stored in the liver.
55
what is intrinsic factor released by
the parietal cells
56
what binding protein does the vitamin intrinsic factor bind fo
transcobalamin
57
when does b12 deficiency occur
usually due to a reduction in intrinsic factor production
58
which groups are at risk of B12 deficiency
Dietary deficiency only found in strict vegetarians or vegans. Elderly gastritis, and inability to synthesise IF Patients with malabsorption diseases Patients who have malabsorption due to side effects of medications such as diabetics, renal insufficiency and dementia patients
59
what re the symptoms of b12 deficiency
``` mental problems fatigue hair problems chronic pain infertility blood disorders ```
60
what is the type of anaemia called when there is lack of IF
pernicious anaemia
61
what does vitamin b12 help with in nerves
the formation fo the myelin sheath
62
what can happen if there has been vitamin b12 deficiency for a long time
the damage can be irreparable eg for in nerve damage
63
how can we diagnose between the difference of a folate deficiency or a vitamin b12 deficiency
specific two-step blood test should be performed
64
how do we take a two step blood test
holotranscobalamin content is determined and the second step determines the concentration of metabolic products, resulting from the lack of vitamin B12, such as methylmalonic acids and homocysteine
65
what is the two step test both has unfavourable results
vitamin b12 deficiency should be assumed and IV drip of b12 should be administered
66
what are some oral manifestations of vitamin b12 deficiency
higher incidence of dental caries and gingival problems in children with systemic B12 deficiency
67
what are proton pump inhibitors used for
gastroesophageal reflux disorder(GERD)
68
what is metformin used for
diabetes
69
what is furosemide used for
heart failure
70
what is levodopa and carbidopa used for
parkinson disease
71
what is isoniazid used for
tuberculosis
72
which nutrient deficiency is proton pump inhibitors associated with
B12 | Vit c
73
which nutrient deficiency is metformin associated with
vit B12
74
which nutrient deficiency is furosemide associated with
calcium | magnesium
75
which nutrient deficiency is levodopa/carbidopa associated with
bitamin b12
76
which nutrient deficiency is isoniazid associated with
vitamin b6- pyridoxine

IBMS SR (38 decks)

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