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minerals e lecture Flashcards

1
Q

why are minerals important

A

for correct physiological function

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2
Q

when can mineral deficiency occur

A

when crops grow on poor soil

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3
Q

which minerals are macrominerals

A 
calcium
magnesium
phosphorus
sodium
potassium 
chlorine
sulpher
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4
Q

what is the rni for macrominerals

A

greater than 100mg/day

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5
Q

which mineral is the most abundant in humans

A

calocum

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6
Q

how much calcium is present in a 70 kg man

A

1.2kg- 99% is found in the skeleton

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7
Q

what is the recommended nutrient index for calcium

A

700mg/day

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8
Q

when is calcium intake higher

A

during pregnancy
lactation
post menopause

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9
Q

what are sources of calcium

A

dairy and fortified foods such as bread and orange juice

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10
Q

how much calcium is taken from the diet

A

around 15-45%

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11
Q

why is calcium from spinach poorly absorbed

A

due to the complex formation with oxalic acid

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12
Q

why is calcium absorption in beans and cereals inhibited

A

by phytate

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13
Q

how is calcium absorption increased

A

by the parathyroid hormone and active vitamin D

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14
Q

what is the function of calcium

A

structural in skeleton and as an intracellular second messenger in (cAMP)
transmission at the synapsed and in muscle contraction and blood clotting

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15
Q

why might we be deficient in calcium

A

calcium deficient diet
secondary vit d deficiency
malabsorption

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16
Q

what is ostemalacia caused by

A

secondary deficiency in vit d

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17
Q

what oral problems are there if you have vitamin d deficiency

A

incomplete mineralisation of teeth
increased caries risk
malformation
increased perio problems

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18
Q

which group have the highest risk of gingival detachment in a low ca diet

A

less than 500mg/day

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19
Q

what is xs calcium caused by

A

hyperthyroidism

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20
Q

which issues can the deposition of calcium salts cause

A

renal stones and calcified arteries

arrhythmias, weakness, anorexia, constipation, sluggish nervous response.

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21
Q

what is the rni for phosphorus

A

550mg/day

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22
Q

what are the sources for phosphorus

A

most food

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23
Q

how is phosphorus absorbed

A

50-70% in diet(enhanced by vitamin D

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24
Q

what is the function of phosphorus

A

With Ca in mineralised tissues, biological buffer, and many biomolecules and processes

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25
which biomolecules is phosphorus found in
ATP DNA RNA
26
why might people suffer with a phosphorus deficiency
usually due to kidney misfunction, aluminium in antacids, total starvation
27
what can phosphorus deficiency lead to
osteomalacia | rickets
28
what is osteomalcia in children called
rickets
29
what can excess phosphorus cause
Disturbance of calcium balance, increased porosity of the skeleton
30
which elements are known as trace elements
``` iron zinc copper cobalt iodine chromium manganese selenium Molybdenum nickel silicon vanadium ```
31
how much iron is lost per day via the GI tract
1MG/day
32
how much iron do adult males require
1mg/day
33
how much iron does a child require
1mg/day
34
how much iron does a menstruating women need
2mg/day
35
how much iron is found in 1ml of blood
0.5mg
36
how much iron does a pregnant women need
3mg/day
37
what is the rni of iron for women
14.8mg/day
38
what is the rni of iron for men
8.7mg/day
39
why is the rni of iron so much higher than how much is needed
as the absorption of iron is poor
40
what are two forms of dietary iron
haem iron | non haem iron
41
where is haem iron found
from meat liver - from haemoglobin and myoglobin
42
where is non haem iron found
green veg and cereals this is slowly absopred tannin in tea
43
which minerals can inhibit non haem iron takeup
calcium, polyphenols, phytates (found in legumes and whole grains), oxalate (green leafy veg)
44
how can we get iron deficiency
Inadequate dietary intake, blood loss leading to anaemia
45
what is the function of iron
In many proteins and enzymes – oxygen transport proteins, electron transport proteins etc.
46
how is iron transported in the body
bound to transferrin
47
how is iron stored in the body
it is stored bound to ferritin bone marrow and spleen in the haemosiderin in liver
48
how are iron levels controlled
by absoprtion
49
how can people suffer from iron toxicity
excess dietary intake or genetic disease
50
how much iodine do we need in a day
140 microgramms/day
51
where is iodine found
sea food, dairy products (table salt in US).
52
what is the function of iodine
synthesis of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland – control metabolic rate –also essential for brain development in early life.
53
what can deficiency of iodine cause
reduced synthesis of thyroid hormones – goitre in children and adults and mental retardation (cretinism) in neonates.
54
What is the recommenced RNI for iodine
140 micrograms per day
55
How are thyroid hormones stimulated
The hypothalamus released thyroid releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone which needs iodine and selenium for activation to produce thyroid hormones
56
What hormone does the hypothalamus release for thyroid hormone production
Thyroid releasing hero,one
57
What hormone does the anterior pituitary release to produce thyroid hormones
Thyroid stimulating hormone
58
What are sodium and potassium known as
Cationic electrolytes
59
What is the recommenced nutrient index of sodium
1.6 grams per day
60
What is the recommenced nutrient index of potassium per day
3.t grams per day
61
Where does most of the sodium in our diet come from
Added salt
62
What is the function of sodium
Sodium potassium pump Controls ECF volume Neuromuscular transmission
63
What is the function of potassium
Main action in fluid Neuromuscular transmission Rental acid base control
64
How much potassium cation is found in intracellular fluid
3.5-5milli Moles in plasma
65
What is chloride known as
An anionic electrolyte
66
What is the recommenced nutrient index of chloride
2.5mg per day but we exceed this because of salt in the diet
67
What are sources of chloride
Meat Eggs Salt Sea food
68
Why might we suffer from sodium deficiency
Vomiting diarrhoea Diuretics Rental problems Water loss and decreased plasma volume circulatory failure and collapse
69
Why do we have potassium deficiency
Vomiting diarrhoea Diuretics Steroid use Renal issues
70
What does potassium deficiency cause
Arrhythmias and neuromuscular weakness
71
What happens if we have XS sodium in the Body
It occurs in hypertension in sensitive individuals
72
What issues can we suffer from with XS potassium
Hyperkalemia
73
What is the recommended intake for copper
1.2 mg per day
74
What are sources of copper
Liver Shell fish Nuts Legumes
75
What is the function of copper
Used as a cofactors for many enzymes Antioxidant Enzymes associated with melanin production Proteins associated with iron absorption
76
Which cofactors is copper used in
Cytochrome oxidase | Lysyl oxidase
77
What are the symptoms of copper deficiency
``` Tissue fragility Fragile bones Ruptured aorta Diminished skin pigment Neurological disorders ```
78
What is Wilson’s disease
A rare genetic disorder which impairs copper excretion in bile Copper accumulates in the brain and liver causing severe damage Kayser fleischer rings in eyes
79
What is the RNI of magnesium
270mg per day
80
What is the function of Mg
``` Bone biology and co factor Also involved in blood clotting Activation of vitamin D And RNA and DNA function Nerve transmission and muscle contraction ```
81
Which group of people can be deficient in magnesium
Alcoholics
82
What does Mg deficiency cause
``` Neuromuscular spasms Arrhythmias Increased heart rate Bone fragility Gingival problems ```
83
What is the RNI of zinc
10mg per day
84
What is the function of zinc
Cofactors in many enzymes- in protein synthesis | Also forms zinc fingers which are structures of TF that interact with DNA and regulate gene expression
85
What are zinc fingers
zinc fingers which are structures of TF that interact with DNA and regulate gene expression
86
What does deficiency of zinc cause
Decreased protein and dna synthesis Retarding growth Delays wound healing and compromises immunity Impaired the senses of taste and smell
87
What is the RNI of chromium
Not sure but 30 micrograms has been set in the US
88
What are the sources of chromium
``` Whole grains Seafood Cheese Chicken Meat ```
89
What is the function of chromium
Improves insulin function by increasing insulin binding to cells Insulin receptor number and phosphorylation of the Insulin receptor
90
What do diets high in simple sugars cause to happen with chromium
Increased urinary chromium excretion
91
Which people might suffer chromium deficiency
Those who only eat processed foods or take IV nUtrition

IBMS SR (38 decks)

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