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IBMS SR > Biology and the Molecular biology of Cancers > Flashcards

Biology and the Molecular biology of Cancers Flashcards

Objectives: To examine: the prevalence of cancer the lifestyle causes of cancer possible approaches to cancer prevention the cellular basis of cancer

1
Q

what is the new cases of cancer in 2013

A

352,197

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2
Q

how many preventable cases of cancer are there

A

42%

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3
Q

what are the new cases of cancer worldwide in 2012

A

14 million

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4
Q

why is the number of cancer increasing in the population

A

due to early diagnosis and early detection

people are also living longer

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5
Q

what are the causes of cancer

A 
smoking 
poor diet leading go obesity
XS alcohol intake 
UV rays 
sedentary lifestyle
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6
Q

how many cases of cancer can be prevented by lifestyle changes

A

more than 4 out of 10 cases

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7
Q

what is the connection between nutrition and cancer

A

A healthy balanced diet with plenty of fibre, fruit and vegetables and less red andprocessed meat and salt can help cut cancer risk.

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8
Q

which studies can we use to see which foods can increase or reduce the risk of cancers

A

EPIC study( European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition)

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9
Q

risk of which cancers can be reduced by eating fruits and veggies

A 
mouth cancer
oesophagus 
lung
larynx 
stomach cancer
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10
Q

which minerals and vitamins are contained in fruits and veggies

A 
carotenoids, 
folate,
 vitamin C, 
vitamin E, 
selenium,
 flavonoids and various other phytochemicals (chemicals found in plants).
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11
Q

what do the vitamins and minerals in fruits and veggies do

A

Mopping up harmful chemicals that could potentially damage DNA.
Helping with repairing DNA.
Blocking the formation of cancer-causing chemicals.

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12
Q

what are checkpoint inhibitor drugs

A

revolutionary drugs which increases survival rate different for certain types of cancer

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13
Q

what does obesity lead to

A

generally leads to chronic inflammation and that can lead to cancer

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14
Q

what is the risk rate of cancer when eating a diet low in fruits and veggies

A

1 in 20

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15
Q

which vitamins are free radicals

A

vitamin E

Vitamin C

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16
Q

Why might it be difficult to eat healthily

A

Socioeconomic factors like fruit and veggies are very expensive

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17
Q

How do we prevent developing bowel cancer

A

Bowel screening for people above the angle of 40

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18
Q

Why are anti oxidants important

A

During oxidative phosphorylation of aerobic respiration- free oxygen species are produced and these can bind to compounds in the body- eg if it binds to DNA can cause mutations

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19
Q

Which group of people is bowel cancer less common in

A

People who eat a lot of fibre

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20
Q

What are the benefits of fibre

A

Fibre increases the size of stools, dilutes their contents and helps people have frequent bowel movement
This reduces the content time between the bowel and harmful chemicals in the stools
Fibre may also help gut bacteria produce helpful chemicals that change the conditions in the Bowel

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21
Q

what are phytochemicals

A

chemicals found in plants

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22
Q

what is a big constituent of faeces

A

cells from the colon and harmful products

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23
Q

how does eating too much meat increase the risk of cancer

A

chemicals found in the meats and some are natural and some added in the cooking or preservation stages

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24
Q

eating too much red meat increases the risk of which types of cancer

A

pancreatic
stomach
bowel

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25
Q

what are some natural chemicals in red meat

A

haem and myoglobin

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26
Q

what is dangerous about too much haem

A

may damage cells in the bowel or fuel the production of harmful chemicals by bacteria in the gut.

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27
Q

why dont white meats increase the risk of cancer

A

because they have less haem

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28
Q

which chemicals are used to preserve meats

A

nitrate and nitrites

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29
Q

what can nitrities be converted to in the liver

A

cancer causing chemicals called N-nitrosocompounds(NOCs)

30
Q

what is converted into N nitroso

A

nitrites

31
Q

why does grilling meats at high temperatures increase cancer risk

A

can produce cancer causing chemicals called heterocyclic amines(HCA) and polycyclic amines (PCA)

32
Q

which reaction can occur when grilling meats

A

the maillard reaction which the proteinsand sugar in the n=meat are converted into advanced glycation end products which are tasty

33
Q

what percentage of cancers have a nutritional connection

A

35%

34
Q

what is the risk of cancers when lifestyle factors such as smoking and exercise are included

A

as high as 85%

35
Q

what do cancer cells contain

A

genetic damage- the initial event leading to tumorgenesis

36
Q

how does cancer progress

A

by a two hit theory

37
Q

what is the two hit theory of cancer

A

normal cell—–>pre cancer—->cancer—-> invasive cancer cell

38
Q

what is tumorgensisis

A

the process fo converting normal cells into cancer invading cells

39
Q

what is the first stage of the two hit theory

A

normal cell—> pre cancer

this is called initiation- mutation 1

40
Q

what is the second stage of the theory

A

pre cancer—-> cancer

promotion- mutation 2 stage

41
Q

what is the final stage of the cancer progression stage

A

cancer- invasive cancer

this is the progression stage eg metastasis

42
Q

how do people usually die from cancer

A

when it metastasises and forms secondary tumors

43
Q

what are the two type of genetic damage found in cancer cells

A
  1. Dominant and the genes have been termed proto-oncogenes.
  2. Recessive and the genes variously termed tumor suppressors, growth suppressors, recessive oncogenes or anti-oncogenes.
44
Q

what are the changes in cells that cause cancer (6 THINGS)

A
  1. sustained angiogenesis
  2. self sufficiency in growth signals
  3. insensitivity to antigrowth signals
  4. tissue invasion and metastasis
  5. limitless replicative potential
  6. evasion of apoptosis
45
Q

what is the development and metastasis of human colorectal cancer

A 
a polyp grows on the colon wall
benign precancerous tumor grows 
a class II benign  adenoma grows 
a class III benign adenoma grows 
a malignant carcinoma develops
46
Q

what is limitless replicative potential

A

cells do not reach the end of the replicative potential due to the fact that Telomerase increases the telomere size
Cancer cells can activate telomerase which stops them from dying

47
Q

which cells is telomerase important

A

eg in sperm cells

48
Q

why is henrietta lacks important

A

HeLa cell line- immortal cell lineage she had a

epidermoid carcinoma

49
Q

what would happen if sperm cells did not have telomerase

A

after 4/5 generations we would not be able to reproduce

50
Q

how do we detect colon cancer

A

colonscopy- can detect pre cancerous lesions which can be removed in procedure

51
Q

what is metastasis

A

the access of cells from primary tumour into circulation and the cells acquiring certain properties which allow them to survive in different types of tissue and be undetected by the immune system

52
Q

what is antiangiogenic therapy

A

inhibits the growth of new blood vessels.

53
Q

what size does the tumour grow till

A

2mm- as if it is bigger the inside of tumour dies due to lack of o2

54
Q

what is angiogensis

A

the formation of blood vessels

55
Q

what are common sites of cancer metastasis

A 
brain 
respiratory
lymph nodes
liver
skeletal
56
Q

what are the symptoms of metastasis in the brain

A

headaches
seizures
vertigo

57
Q

what are the symptoms of metastasis in the respiratory system

A

cough
hemoptysis- coughing up blood
dyspenea- shortness of breath

58
Q

what are the symptoms of metastasis in the lymph nodes

A

lymphadenopathy

59
Q

what are the symptoms of metastasis in the liver

A

hepatomegaly- enlargement of the liver

jaudice

60
Q

what are the symptoms of metastasis in the skeletal

A

pain
fractures
spinal cord compression

61
Q

what is the difference and distrinction between the terms proto-oncogene and oncogene

A

the activity of the protein product

62
Q

what is a proto oncogene

A

a gene whose protein product has the capacity to induce cellular transformation given it sustains some genetic insult eg by a mutation

63
Q

what is an onco ogene

A

sustained some genetic damage and therefore produces a protein capable of cellular transformation

64
Q

which is the cancerous form of the protoncogene

A

the oncogene

65
Q

what is the classification of proto oncogenes

A
  1. Growth Factors
  2. Cell receptors/ProteinKinases
  3. Membrane Associated G-Proteins/2nd Messengers
  4. Nuclear DNA-Binding/Transcription Factors
  5. Other genes involved in DNA repair/cell-cycle control
66
Q

how do proto oncogene activate into a oncogene

A

gene mutation or retroviral integration.

67
Q

how are proto oncogene classified into different groups

A

by normal functions within cells

68
Q

what do proto oncogene control in cells

A

CELL GROWTH
PROLIFERATION
DIFFERENTIATION

69
Q

what is a v- proto oncogene

A

signify viral origin which are resident in transforming retroviruses

70
Q

what is c- proto oncogene

A

homologous genes of cellular origin comes from a mutation rather than a virus

IBMS SR (38 decks)

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