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IBMS SR > anaerobic metabolism- regulation of glycolysis and the TCA finish > Flashcards

anaerobic metabolism- regulation of glycolysis and the TCA finish Flashcards

1
Q

what is the equation for the breakdown of glucose

A

C6H12O6+O2+ADP—> CO2+H20+ATP

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2
Q

what do we call a molecule that loses electrons

A

oxidised

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3
Q

what do we call a molecule that gains electrons

A

reduced

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4
Q

what is an electron carrier

A

it is a molecule which transports electrons during cellular respiration

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5
Q

how do electron carriers work

A

they can store energy until it is needed

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6
Q

what are the two examples of electron carriers

A

NAD

FAD

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7
Q

WHAT DOES FAD stand for

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

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8
Q

what does NAD stand for

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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9
Q

what is the equation when NAD is reduced

A

NAD+2H–> NADH+H+

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10
Q

what is the equation when FAD is reduced

A

FAD +2H—> FADH2

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11
Q

how is pyruvate converted into acetyl coA

A

decarboxylation and then NAD reduced to NADH

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12
Q

how many NADH do we get in the whole stage of the link reaction

A

2 as one per molecule of pyruvate

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13
Q

what are the end products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate

2 ATP

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14
Q

what are the end products of the TCA cycle per pyruvate molecule

A

3 NADH
FADH2
ATP
per pyruvate

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15
Q

what are the stages of the fermentation of glucose

A

glucose to pyruvate and then to ethanol +C02

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16
Q

what type of process is the fermentation process

A

it is anaerobic and does not go through the TCA or oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

how is pyruvate converted to acetaldehyde

A

by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase which releases C02 as well

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18
Q

how do we convert acetaldehyde to ethanol

A

with the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase

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19
Q

what are the steps to convert pyruvate into ethanol

A

pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation by pyruvate decarboxylase and forms ACETALDEHYDE this under goes dehydrogenation via acetyl dehydrogenase to form ethanol

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20
Q

where does fermentation occur

A

in the cytosol

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21
Q

what do we also produce during fermentation

A

CO2 and oxidised NAD

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22
Q

why is this reaction essential

A

as it regenerates oxidised NAD which is used during glycolysis

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23
Q

what are some situations during fermentation which causes yeast to die

A

too much ethanol OR C02

24
Q

what occurs in the fermentation of skeletal muscle

A

there is reduced glycolysis and TCA cycles as we run out of oxidised NAD

25
Q

during periods of high intensity

what happens in our msucles

A

pyruvate forms lactate via lactate dehydrogenase enzyme and NAD is deoxidised

26
Q

what do we feel during periods of high intensity

A

pain in our muscles due to lactic acid buildup

27
Q

what other sugars are metabolised via glycolysis

A

galactose
fructose in adipose tissue
fructose in the liver

28
Q

what is galactose converted into

A

glucose 6p

29
Q

what is fructose in the adipose tissue converted into

A

fructose 6p

30
Q

what is fructose in the liver converted into

A

DHAP then GAP

31
Q

which enzyme breaks down lactose

A

lactase

32
Q

what type of enzyme is lactase

A

brush border enzyme

33
Q

what is lactase broken down into

A

galactose and glucose

34
Q

what are the symptoms of lactose intolerance

A 
farting 
diarrhoea 
bloating
stomach cramps 
rumbling 
feeling sick
35
Q

what is galactosemia

A

inherited autosomal recessive disorder and can be screened at birth

36
Q

what can galactosemia cause

A

enlargement of the liver CNS failure

37
Q

why do people get galactosemia

A

deficiency of galactose phosphate uridyl transferase

38
Q

how do we regulate glycolysis and the TCA cycle

A

changes in physiological and environmental circumstances
metabolism is constantly monitored
genetic regulation

39
Q

how can metabolism and the TCA cycle be regulated

A

by genetic regulation which controls the amount of enzymes in the cell and the amount of enzyme degradation

40
Q

what four things can happen to the enzyme

A

association with regulatory protein
sequestration
allosteric regulation
covalent modification

41
Q

what is allostatic regulation of enzymes

A

an inhibitor binds to the enzyme and prevents the working and changes the shape of the enzyme

42
Q

what is involved in covalent modifications of the enzyme

A

changes the covalent structure of the enzymes- eg phosphorylation

43
Q

what is involved in enzyme association

A

limits the amount of enzymes that can associate with the enzyme

44
Q

what is involved in compartmentalisation

A

limits the accessibility of the enzyme with the substate achieved by the membranes.

45
Q

which organelle can help with compartmentalisation of enzymes

A

the mitochondria

46
Q

what are the regulation points in glycolysis

A

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase

47
Q

what are the regulation points in TCA cycle

A

citrate synthase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

48
Q

what else can inhibit PFK1

A

inhibited by ATP- when energy stores are high

49
Q

what happens when G6P levels are high

A

allosteric feedback inhibition of hexokinase by G6P

50
Q

how do we regulate PFK1

A

by a lot of ATP- this inhibits at the allosteric site and in turn reduces the affinity for fructose 6 phosphate leading to inciting glycolysis

51
Q

what else is PFK1 sensitive too

A

ph- acidic conditions reduces its activity so it prevents XS lactic acid buildup

52
Q

which two enzymes are on the same enzyme

A

kinase domain and phosphatase domain

53
Q

how is pyruvate dehydrogenase regulated

A

by allosteric regulation and covalent regulation

54
Q

how is the E2 transsacetylase part of pyruvate dehydrogenase limited

A

by AcetylCOA

55
Q

how is the E3 dihydrolipopolydehydrogenase part of pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

NADH

IBMS SR (38 decks)

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