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IBMS SR > anatomy and function of the digestive tract > Flashcards

anatomy and function of the digestive tract Flashcards

Outline the components of the digestive system from proximal to distal and describe their main functions Understand what is meant by the term ‘peritoneum’ Describe the regions of the abdominal cavity

1
Q

what is the function of the digestive tract

A

transport of foodstuffs
breakdown of foodstuffs
absorption of sugars proteins fats and vitamins, minerals and water
excretion of waters

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2
Q

what is absoped in the digestive tract

A

sugars
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water
fats

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3
Q

what is the digestive tract also known as

A

the GI tract

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4
Q

what does GI tract stand for

A

Gastro intestinal tract

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5
Q

what shape is the GI tract

A

a long muscular tube

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6
Q

what substances are emptied into the tract to aid digestion

A

enzymes
acid
bile

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7
Q

what are the major subdivisions of the digestive tract

A
  1. oral cavity, teeth, tongue
  2. pharynx
  3. oesophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine SI
  6. large intestine LI
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8
Q

what does the oral cavity do

A

mechanical breakdown (tongue and teeth)
chemical breakdown (parotid, sublingual and submandibular salivary gland)
swallowing (salivary duct)

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9
Q

what does the pharynx do

A

muscular propulsion of materials into the oesophagus

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10
Q

what does the oesophagus do

A

smooth muscle contracts to move food bolus towards the stomach

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11
Q

what does the stomach do

A

Chemical digestion (enzyme secretion)
Mechanical digestion (churning and turning the food from solid to liquid)
Acid secretion and antibacterial action

mechanical processing through muscular contractions

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12
Q

what does the SI do

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water organic substances vitamins and ions

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13
Q

what does the LI do

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water organic substances vitamins and ions

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14
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system

A

salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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15
Q

what do salivary glands do

A

secretion of lubricating fluid which contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates

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16
Q

what does the liver do

A

bile production
detox-alcohol and drugs
albumin production (main protein of blood plasma)
clotting factors
storage of glycogen

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17
Q

what does the gallbladder do

A

storage and secretion of bile
emulsifies fat

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18
Q

what are the 3 parts of the stomach

A

fundus
body of stomach
antrum

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19
Q

what is the pylorus
what does the pylorus do

A

sphincter at the antrum (bottom bit) of stomach
controls outlet of chime in to the SI

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20
Q

what are the 2 roles of the secretin cells

A

act to produce hcl
act to provide the walls of stomach with thick mucus (prevents acid from burning through the stomach and in to the abdomen)

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21
Q

what is the ph of stomach acid

what are the 2 uses of stomach acid

A

1.5-2.5

destruction of any harmful bacteria
acid activate enzymes that provide chemical digestion in the food

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21
Q

what is the ph of stomach acid

what are the 2 uses of stomach acid

A

1.5-2.5

destruction of any harmful bacteria
acid activate enzymes that provide chemical digestion in the food

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22
Q

what do the cells that line the rugae secrete in to the stomach

A

Hcl

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23
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes,

endocrine secrete hormones

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24
Q

what do exocrine cells release from the pancreas

A

buffers and digestive enzymes

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25
Q

what do endocrine cells release from the pancreas

A

they secrete hormones

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26
Q

what is the order of organs in the tube from proximal to distal

A 
oral cavity 
oesophagus 
stomach 
SI 
LI 
rectum 
Anus
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27
Q

what level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm

A

T10- oesophagus has 10 letters

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28
Q

what does the oral cavity do

A

the mechanical breakdown of food

chemical breakdown of food- parotid gland

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29
Q

which muscle allows us to keep food on our teeth surface

A

Buccinator

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30
Q

which is the largest salivary gland

A

parotid

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31
Q

which clues can we see of GI tract/ systemic diseases in the mouth

A 
oral thrush
decay 
ulceration 
discolouration of teeth 
softened teeth/erosion 
abscesses
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32
Q

describe the oesophagus

A

muscular tube which connects the mouth to the stomach

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33
Q

what does the oesophagus consist of

A

smooth muscle

34
Q

which organ connects the oral cavity to the oesophagus

A

pharynx

35
Q

how does the bolus of food move down the oesophagus

A

by waves of contractions of the smooth muscle in the oesophagus

36
Q

what shape is the stomach

A

J shaped bag

37
Q

what does the stomach connect

A

the oesophagus to the SI

38
Q

what does the inner surface of the stomach have

A

small folds called rugae

39
Q

why do we need rugae

A

increase SA

allows the stomach to expand

40
Q

what are the functions of the stomach

A

mechanical digestion from solid to liquid
chemical digestion
acid secretion and antibacterial action

41
Q

what is the anatomy of the SI

A

duodenum proximal
jujunum
ileum

42
Q

what does the ileum connect

A

the SI to the LI

43
Q

what is the function of SI

A

nutrient absorption

44
Q

what the the SI attached to the posterior abdominal wall by

A

a mesentery

45
Q

what does the mesentery contain

A

a lot of blood vessels

46
Q

why is a lot of blood vessels important in the SI

A

FOR ABSOPRITON of nutrients

47
Q

describe the duodenum

A

first part of the intestine
receives secretions from the pancreas
as well as bile from the gallbladder to aid digestion

48
Q

what is special about the jejunum and the ileum

A

the fact that the inner surface is highly folded to increase SA

49
Q

WHAT ARE THE PARTS of the LI

A 
the cecum 
ascending colon
transverse colon 
descending colon 
sigmoid colon
50
Q

where does the ileum connect to

A

the ileum connects to the cecum of the LI

51
Q

what is the function of the LI

A

water absroption
production of faecal matter
secretion of mucus

52
Q

what is the pancreas

A

accessory organ of digestion

53
Q

what re the four sections of the pancreas

A

head
neck
body
tail

54
Q

what is the function of the pancreas

A

Secretes enzymes into the duodenum for protein digestion (exocrine)
Secretes hormones including insulin and glucagon for blood sugar control (endocrine)

55
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secretes enzymes into the duodenum for protein digestion (exocrine)

56
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secretes hormones including insulin and glucagon for blood sugar control (endocrine)

57
Q

what are the four anatomical lobes of the liver

A

right 1
left 2
quadrate 3
caudate 4

58
Q

what are the functions of the liver

A 
Bile production
Detox – drugs, alcohol
Albumin production (main protein of blood plasma)
Clotting factors
Storage of glycogen
59
Q

describe the gallbladder

A

Stores and secretes bile in to the duodenum

Emulsifies fat

60
Q

what components are included in the portal triad which pass into the liver

A

Bile Duct out of the liver
Hepatic Artery Proper into the liver
Hepatic Portal Vein into the liver

61
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

membranes of the abdomino-pelvic cavity

62
Q

which duct passes out from the gallbladder

A

the cystic duct

passes through the pancreas

63
Q

how does bile pass to the liver and the duodenum

A

the common duct

64
Q

what duct lies in the pancreas

A

pancreatic duct

65
Q

where does the hepatic portal vein collect blood from

A

the GI tract-

66
Q

why does the hepatic portal vein carry blood into the liver

A

to be cleaned

67
Q

where do we find the portal triad

A

in the free edge near the lesser omentum-

68
Q

what connects the liver to the duodenum

A

the hepatoduodenal ligament

69
Q

what connects the liver to the stomach

A

hepatogastric ligament

70
Q

what is the lesser omentum made up of

A

the hepatogastic ligament

and the hepaduodenal ligament

71
Q

what is the peritoneum made up of

A

visceral-covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs
parietal- lines the inner body walls

72
Q

what does visceral peritoneum cover

A

the external surfaces of most digestive organs

SHINY

73
Q

what does the parietal peritoneum cover

A

lines the inner body walls

74
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity

A

the potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum

75
Q

what is found in the peritoneal cavity

A

fluid which helps with lubrication

76
Q

what forms the mesentery

A

two layers of visceral peritoneum

77
Q

when is the organ considered as intraperitoneal

A

Organs that have visceral peritoneum all the way round
Have a mesentry and parietal peritoneum

78
Q

when is the organ considered as retroperitoneal

A

Visceral peritoneum only runs over anterior side of organ, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall

79
Q

what is the greater omentum

A

hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach, covering the GI tract and providing protection. It is a large fold of visceral peritoneum.

80
Q

what is the lesser omentum

A

Connected from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

81
Q

how is the omentum different to the mesentery

A

the omentum is a double layer of parietal peritoneum rather than visceral peritoneum

82
Q

what is the junction between the small and large intestine called

A

ileocolic junction

IBMS SR (38 decks)

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