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IBMS SR > lipid digestion, absorption and transport > Flashcards

lipid digestion, absorption and transport Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three major classifications of lipids

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steriods

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2
Q

what are triglycerides

A

glycerol backbone with three fatty acids

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3
Q

what are steroids

A

ring structures

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4
Q

give examples of steroids

A

cortisol
oestrogen
testosterone
cholesterol

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5
Q

what are phospholipids

A

Phospholipids are made of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group and they are a major component of the cell membrane.

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6
Q

what are the three main types of fatty acids

A

monounsaturated
polyunsaturated
saturated

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7
Q

do lipids dissolve in water

A

no they are hydrophobic and insoluble which means we need to emulsify them to transport and absorb

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8
Q

what are monounsaturated fatty acids

A

1 carbon double bond

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9
Q

give examples of foods that have monounsaturated fatty acids

A 
seeds or nuts 
avocado 
olive
peanut 
canola
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10
Q

what are polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

have more than one carbon doible bond

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11
Q

give examples of foods that have polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

vegetables, seeds or nuts such as corn, safflower, sunflower, soybean, cottonseed and sesame seed oils.

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12
Q

what state is unsaturated fats at at room temp

A

liquid

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13
Q

what state is saturated fats at at room temp

A

solid

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14
Q

what are saturated fats

A

have only carbon carbon single bonds

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15
Q

give examples of foods with saturated fats

A 
butter 
ghee 
cheese
milk
coconut oil
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16
Q

which type of fats raise cholesterol

A

saturated

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17
Q

what type of fats reduce cholesterol

A

monounsaturated in the right amounts reduces cholesterol and LDL cholesterol

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18
Q

give an example of polyunsaturated fats

A

omega three fatty acids

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19
Q

what are trans fats

A

when veggie oils are hydrogenated into shortening

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20
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A

body fuel once carbs used up
helps body absorb important fat soluble vitamins
supports body processes such as biosynthetic precusors
cushioning internal organs
insulation
maintaining healthy skin and hair

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21
Q

what fat soluble vitamins are absorbed

A

ADEK

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22
Q

how many cals does 1g of fat provide

A

9 cals

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23
Q

what is associated with XS fat intake

A

obesity, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and atherosclerosis.

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24
Q

how much % of energy intake should come from fat

A

35%

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25
Q

how much of this should be saturated fats

A

10%

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26
Q

what is the total grams of fat intake

A

65g

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27
Q

what can protect us from atherosclerosis

A

omega 3 fatty acids

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28
Q

how many times should we eat fish a week

A

2-3

29
Q

where does lipid digestion first occur

A

the oral cavity- lingual lipase and mechanical digestion

30
Q

which enzymes are involved in the stomach

A

lingual lipase and gastric lipase

31
Q

how much fat breaks down after 2-4 hours

A

30%

32
Q

what are acidic lipases

A

lingual lipase and gastric lipase as they are stimulated and increased by acidity

33
Q

what happens in the SI

A

Chyme stimulates mucosal cells in the small intestine to release the hormone cholecystokinin
This stimulates gallbladder to secrete bile and stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic lipase
Bile salts emulsify fat droplets, therefore increasing their surface area exposed for digestion
Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides and diglycerides into 2-monoglycerides and fatty acids

34
Q

describe bile salts

A

a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic side, their hydrophobic side attaches itself to the lipids and emulsifies it increasing the surface area that can be acted upon by the pancreatic lipase

35
Q

which medications are used for the treatment of obesity

A

orlistat or xenical

36
Q

how does orlistat or xenical work

A

inhibits pancreatic lipase so triglycerides aren’t digested and absorbed

37
Q

what is the product when triacylglyceride is digested by pancreatic lipase

A

fatty acid x2

2 monoacylglycerol

38
Q

what is cholesteryl ester broken down by

A

cholesteryl ester hydrolase

39
Q

what is a micelle

A

fatty acids which are associated with bile salts and other structures

40
Q

what is the diameter of a micelle

A

4-8nm in diameter

41
Q

what lines the intestinal lining cells

A

enterocytes

42
Q

how do the phsopholipids and micelles neter the enterocytes

A

simple diffusion

43
Q

clinically what is seen if fats arent absorbed properly

A

fats seen in stools steatorrhea.

44
Q

how can steatorrhea arise

A

from crohns disease and fibrosis done upto slide 10

45
Q

describe the passage of lipid absorption

A

the micelle simply diffuses into the enterocytes then through the basolateral border and into the lymphatic and vascular circulation

46
Q

what happens to the triglycerides in the enterocytes

A

triglycerides are reassembled and they are combined with apoproteins phospholipids and cholesterol

47
Q

what is combined with the triglycerides in the ER

A

phospholipids

apopproteins and cholesterol

48
Q

what forms chylomicrons

A

apoproteins
phospholipids
cholesterol and triglyercides

49
Q

where are chylomicrons packaged

A

in the golgi apparatus

50
Q

what is the passage of chylomicrons

A

formed in the ER
packaged into vesicles in the golgi
leave the intestinal cells basolateral border by exocytosis

51
Q

where do chylomicrons travel to

A

transported to the lymph vessels in the intestine via central lacteals and enter the blood circ by thoracic duct

52
Q

what class of lipoproteins has the highest content of lipids

A

chylomicrons

53
Q

what class of lipoproteins has the lowest content of lipids

A

HDL

54
Q

what percentages of lipid and protein does HDL have

A

50% lipid AND protein

55
Q

what percentages of lipid and protein does cholesterol have

A

99% lipid and 1% protein

56
Q

what are chylomicrons mostly made out of

A

triacylglycerides

57
Q

where are triglycerides cholesteryl ester and cholesterol stored

A

in peripheral areas such as heart muscle skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and lactating mammary tissue

58
Q

where are remainig chylomicrons taken up

A

by the liver

59
Q

what is VLDL

A

very low density lipoproteins

60
Q

describe VLDL
what is its role
what happens to it when its depleted of its contents

A

the lipid that is analogous to the chylomicrons secreted by the intestine

delivers triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and cholesterol to peripheral tissues

when the VLDL is defeated of its contents it becomes IDL (intermediate density lipoproteins) which then returns to the liver

61
Q

what are LDL

A

low density lipoproteins

62
Q

what is the principle role of LDL

A

deliver cholesterol and cholesteryl ester to peripheral tissues

63
Q

what is the role of HDL

A

in the removal of excess cholesterol from cells and returning it to the liver, where it is metabolized to bile acids and salts

64
Q

if HDL is high in humans what can happen

A

correlate well with a lower incidence of atherosclerosis in humans.

65
Q

what happen in artiers if the LDL is too high

A

can form fatty deposits in arteries and damage linings- leading to stroke and MI

66
Q

what is hyperlipidaemia

A

high levels of lipid found in the bloodstream- found by a lipid panel

67
Q

what is cholesterol synthesised by

A

HMG-CoA reductase enzyme in the liver

68
Q

how do statins work

A

competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase therefore cholesterol isn’t formed

69
Q

how do we reduce cholesterol naturally

A

reduce fat and increase fibre

IBMS SR (38 decks)

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