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IBMS SR > lipid digestion, absorption and transport > Flashcards

lipid digestion, absorption and transport Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three major classifications of lipids

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steriods

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2
Q

what are triglycerides

A

glycerol backbone with three fatty acids

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3
Q

what are steroids

A

ring structures

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4
Q

give examples of steroids

A

cortisol
oestrogen
testosterone
cholesterol

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5
Q

what are phospholipids

A

Phospholipids are made of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group and they are a major component of the cell membrane.

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6
Q

what are the three main types of fatty acids

A

monounsaturated
polyunsaturated
saturated

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7
Q

do lipids dissolve in water

A

no they are hydrophobic and insoluble which means we need to emulsify them to transport and absorb

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8
Q

what are monounsaturated fatty acids

A

1 carbon double bond

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9
Q

give examples of foods that have monounsaturated fatty acids

A 
seeds or nuts 
avocado 
olive
peanut 
canola
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10
Q

what are polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

have more than one carbon doible bond

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11
Q

give examples of foods that have polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

vegetables, seeds or nuts such as corn, safflower, sunflower, soybean, cottonseed and sesame seed oils.

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12
Q

what state is unsaturated fats at at room temp

A

liquid

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13
Q

what state is saturated fats at at room temp

A

solid

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14
Q

what are saturated fats

A

have only carbon carbon single bonds

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15
Q

give examples of foods with saturated fats

A 
butter 
ghee 
cheese
milk
coconut oil
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16
Q

which type of fats raise cholesterol

A

saturated

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17
Q

what type of fats reduce cholesterol

A

monounsaturated in the right amounts reduces cholesterol and LDL cholesterol

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18
Q

give an example of polyunsaturated fats

A

omega three fatty acids

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19
Q

what are trans fats

A

when veggie oils are hydrogenated into shortening

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20
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A

body fuel once carbs used up
helps body absorb important fat soluble vitamins
supports body processes such as biosynthetic precusors
cushioning internal organs
insulation
maintaining healthy skin and hair

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21
Q

what fat soluble vitamins are absorbed

A

ADEK

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22
Q

how many cals does 1g of fat provide

A

9 cals

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23
Q

what is associated with XS fat intake

A

obesity, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and atherosclerosis.

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24
Q

how much % of energy intake should come from fat

A

35%

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25
how much of this should be saturated fats
10%
26
what is the total grams of fat intake
65g
27
what can protect us from atherosclerosis
omega 3 fatty acids
28
how many times should we eat fish a week
2-3
29
where does lipid digestion first occur
the oral cavity- lingual lipase and mechanical digestion
30
which enzymes are involved in the stomach
lingual lipase and gastric lipase
31
how much fat breaks down after 2-4 hours
30%
32
what are acidic lipases
lingual lipase and gastric lipase as they are stimulated and increased by acidity
33
what happens in the SI
Chyme stimulates mucosal cells in the small intestine to release the hormone cholecystokinin This stimulates gallbladder to secrete bile and stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic lipase Bile salts emulsify fat droplets, therefore increasing their surface area exposed for digestion Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides and diglycerides into 2-monoglycerides and fatty acids
34
describe bile salts
a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic side, their hydrophobic side attaches itself to the lipids and emulsifies it increasing the surface area that can be acted upon by the pancreatic lipase
35
which medications are used for the treatment of obesity
orlistat or xenical
36
how does orlistat or xenical work
inhibits pancreatic lipase so triglycerides aren't digested and absorbed
37
what is the product when triacylglyceride is digested by pancreatic lipase
fatty acid x2 | 2 monoacylglycerol
38
what is cholesteryl ester broken down by
cholesteryl ester hydrolase
39
what is a micelle
fatty acids which are associated with bile salts and other structures
40
what is the diameter of a micelle
4-8nm in diameter
41
what lines the intestinal lining cells
enterocytes
42
how do the phsopholipids and micelles neter the enterocytes
simple diffusion
43
clinically what is seen if fats arent absorbed properly
fats seen in stools steatorrhea.
44
how can steatorrhea arise
from crohns disease and fibrosis done upto slide 10
45
describe the passage of lipid absorption
the micelle simply diffuses into the enterocytes then through the basolateral border and into the lymphatic and vascular circulation
46
what happens to the triglycerides in the enterocytes
triglycerides are reassembled and they are combined with apoproteins phospholipids and cholesterol
47
what is combined with the triglycerides in the ER
phospholipids | apopproteins and cholesterol
48
what forms chylomicrons
apoproteins phospholipids cholesterol and triglyercides
49
where are chylomicrons packaged
in the golgi apparatus
50
what is the passage of chylomicrons
formed in the ER packaged into vesicles in the golgi leave the intestinal cells basolateral border by exocytosis
51
where do chylomicrons travel to
transported to the lymph vessels in the intestine via central lacteals and enter the blood circ by thoracic duct
52
what class of lipoproteins has the highest content of lipids
chylomicrons
53
what class of lipoproteins has the lowest content of lipids
HDL
54
what percentages of lipid and protein does HDL have
50% lipid AND protein
55
what percentages of lipid and protein does cholesterol have
99% lipid and 1% protein
56
what are chylomicrons mostly made out of
triacylglycerides
57
where are triglycerides cholesteryl ester and cholesterol stored
in peripheral areas such as heart muscle skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and lactating mammary tissue
58
where are remainig chylomicrons taken up
by the liver
59
what is VLDL
very low density lipoproteins
60
describe VLDL what is its role what happens to it when its depleted of its contents
the lipid that is analogous to the chylomicrons secreted by the intestine delivers triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and cholesterol to peripheral tissues when the VLDL is defeated of its contents it becomes IDL (intermediate density lipoproteins) which then returns to the liver
61
what are LDL
low density lipoproteins
62
what is the principle role of LDL
deliver cholesterol and cholesteryl ester to peripheral tissues
63
what is the role of HDL
in the removal of excess cholesterol from cells and returning it to the liver, where it is metabolized to bile acids and salts
64
if HDL is high in humans what can happen
correlate well with a lower incidence of atherosclerosis in humans.
65
what happen in artiers if the LDL is too high
can form fatty deposits in arteries and damage linings- leading to stroke and MI
66
what is hyperlipidaemia
high levels of lipid found in the bloodstream- found by a lipid panel
67
what is cholesterol synthesised by
HMG-CoA reductase enzyme in the liver
68
how do statins work
competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase therefore cholesterol isn't formed
69
how do we reduce cholesterol naturally
reduce fat and increase fibre

IBMS SR (38 decks)

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