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IBMS SR > An overview of structure and function of Oral Mucosa > Flashcards

An overview of structure and function of Oral Mucosa Flashcards

1
Q

What is the oral mucosa?

A

The mucous lining of the mouth

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2
Q

Name parts of the oral mucosa

A
  1. Upper lip
  2. Alveolar mucosa
  3. Hard and soft palate
  4. Cheek
  5. Tongue
  6. Underside of tongue
  7. Gingiva
  8. Floor of the mouth
  9. Lower lip
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3
Q

What are the differenced between the oral mucosa and the skin

A
  1. Oral mucosa is lighter than skin
  2. Oral mucosa has a constantly moist surface due to secretion of saliva
  3. Oral mucosa doesn’t have skin appendages such as hair follicles sweat and sebaceous glands.
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4
Q

What are the functions of the oral mucosa?

A
  1. Protection again mechanical, abrasive and microbial threats
  2. Sensation such as touch, taste, thirst and pain
  3. Secretion from minor salivary glands and limited sebaceous glands
  4. Absorption of sublingual dissolving drugs
  5. Thermal regulation (Only in animal)
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5
Q

Name the 3 types of oral mucosa

A
  1. Masticatory mucosa
  2. Lining mucosa
  3. Specialised mucosa
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6
Q

Is masticatory non keratinised or keratinised?

A

Keratinised

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7
Q

Is lining mucosa Keratinised ?

A

no it is non keratinised

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8
Q

Describe specialised oral mucosa

A

It is Keratinised mucosa with specialised structures called papillae

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9
Q

What do specialised oral mucosa have?

A

specialised structures called papillae

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10
Q

Give examples of specialised oral mucosa

A

The dorsal surface of the tongue

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11
Q

Where is lining mucosa found?

A
  1. Vermillion border
  2. Lining of the lips
  3. Lining of the cheeks
  4. Ventral surface of the tongue to a certain extent
  5. Floor of the mouth
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12
Q

Name the 3 general components of the oral mucosa

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Lamina propia
  3. Submucosa
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13
Q

What is lamina propia?

A

The connective tissue component of the oral mucosa

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14
Q

Why is the oral mucosa always moist?

A

Due to the production of saliva

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15
Q

What are the main challenges the oral mucosa faces?

A
  1. Chewing and mastication

2. Chemicals in food

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16
Q

Where is masticatory mucosa found?

A

Found on the surface of the gingiva and the hard palette

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17
Q

Where is specialised oral mucosa found?

A

On the upper surface of the tongue

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18
Q

What is the tongue split into?

A

The posterior 1/3rd and the anterior 2/3rds

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19
Q

Describe the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

A

It is full of lymphoid tissues called the lingua tonsils

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20
Q

Describe the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue

A

It is keratinised mucosa with specialised structures called the papillae that hold taste buds

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21
Q

Describe the general structure of the oral mucosa

A

Made up of two types of tissues:

  1. An epithelial tissue coverage
  2. Supported by connective tissue
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22
Q

What is the connective tissue that supports the epithelial tissue of the mucosa supported by?

A

Divided into 2 parts:

  1. Lamina propia that directly supported the epithelium
  2. Submucosa that contains blood vessels
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23
Q

What does the sub mucosa of the oral mucosa contain?

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. nerves
  3. Adipose tissue
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24
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

It is several compact layers fo cells that cover a body surface or line a cavity or hollow organ in the body

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25
Q

What forms the interface between the epithelium and the lamina propia

A

Is formed of the interlinking between the epithelial rate pegs and the C.T papilla and is demarcated by the epithelial basement membrane

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26
Q

What is the epithelial tissue formed by?

A

Either the ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm

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27
Q

What are entrocytes?

A

They are epithelial cells as they are closely packed together and they line the gut

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28
Q

Name the 2 major classifications of epithelial cells

A
  1. Simple epithelial

2. Stratified

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29
Q

What does the word simple refer to when describing epithelial cells

A

Epithelium formed of one layer of cells

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30
Q

What does the word stratified refer to when describing epithelial cells

A

Epithelium formed of several layers of epithelium cells

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31
Q

What can we use to further classify epithelial tissue once we have established if its simple or stratified?

A

We further classify epithial tissue by the shape of its cell eg cuboidal, columnar, squamous etc

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32
Q

Name the different types of epithelial tissues

A
  1. Simpe squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Stratified squamous
  5. Stratified cuboidal
  6. Pseudostratified columnar
  7. Transitional epithelium
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33
Q

Describe squamous cells

A

They are flat

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34
Q

Epithelial tissue made up of one layer of flat cells is called what?

A

Simple squamous

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35
Q

One layer of cube shaped epithelium cells is called what?

A

Simple cuboidal

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36
Q

One layer of column shaped epithelium cells is called what?

A

Simple columnar

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37
Q

What does Pseudostratified mean?

A

“Fake columnar”

Means the cells are column in shaped and look to be in layers but are not

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38
Q

What is transitional epithelial?

A

A specialsed type of tissue that lines the urinary tract

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39
Q

Name the 3 different types of epithelial junctions

A
  1. Gap junciton
  2. Tight junciton
  3. Desmosome
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40
Q

What are Desmosome and where are they found?

A

They are an adhesive structure found on the basal side of the cell

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41
Q

Describe Stratified squamous tissue

A

Multiple layers of flat cells

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42
Q

Describe Stratified cuboidal tissue

A

Multiple layers of cuboidal cells

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43
Q

Describe Stratified columnar tissue

A

Multiple layers of column shaped cells

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44
Q

Which type of epithelium tissue is the oral mucosa covered by ?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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45
Q

What are Desmosomes formed of?

A

They are formed of thickening plaques of the cell membrane

There are transmembrane filaments called cadherin found within the plaques

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46
Q

Name the protein that makes up the transmembrane filament of the Desmosome

A

cadherin

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47
Q

What do demosomes do?

A

They cross between adjacent cells to tighten them together

48
Q

What are gap junctions formed of?

A

They are formed of inter connecting channels between the 2 sides of the cell

49
Q

Why are gap junctions important?

A

They allow for the exchange of molecules between the 2 cytoplasms of 2 adjacent cells

50
Q

What are tight junctions formed of?

A

Formed of 3 specialised protein structures

51
Q

What do tight junction do?

A

Tightens the gap between adjacent cells to prevent leakage of any ions from the cytoplasms

52
Q

What is a hemidesmosome

A

Half a desmosome formed from a thickening of the cell membrane and cadherin filaments

53
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes found?

A

They are attached to the underlying basement membrane and the extracellular matrix

54
Q

What allows for the epithelium to be in tight contact with the underlying connective tissue?

A

hemidesmosomes

55
Q

What word is used to describe epithelial tissue made up of only one layer of cells?

A

Simple epithelium

56
Q

On a histological level give some differences between keratinised and non keratinised tissue

A
  1. Keratinised tissue has a thick layer of protein that protects the epithelium
  2. Non Keratinised epithelium is thicker and made of more layers
57
Q

Why might non Keratinised epithelium be made up of more layers?

A

As theres no protective keratin layer the epithelium has to compensate protection by adding more layers of cells

58
Q

Name the 2 cellular components of the oral epithelium

A

1, Keratinocytes

2. Non-Keratinocytes

59
Q

What Do Keratinocytes make up?

A

They form all the layers of the covering epithelial of the oral mucosa

60
Q

What are non keratinocytes called and why?

A

Called dendritic cells because they have extended cellular processes

61
Q

Name the 4 types of non keratinocytes

A
  1. Melanocyte
  2. Langerhans cells
  3. Merkel’s cells
  4. Inflammatory cells
62
Q

Name the different cell layers the make up the epithelium

A
  1. Basal cell layer
  2. Prickle cell layer
  3. Intermediate layer
  4. Surface layer
63
Q

Name the different cell layers the make up the epithelium

A
  1. Basal cell layer
  2. Prickle cell layer
  3. Intermediate layer
  4. Surface layer
64
Q

What is the function of basal cell layer?

A

Only function is to regenerate the epithelial tissues

65
Q

What is the basal cell layer sometimes called?

A

Germinating cell layer

66
Q

Why does epithelial tissue need to be regenerated?

A

Epithelial tissue is readily squamated due to mastication so needs to be regenerated

67
Q

Which epithelial cell layers are similar in both keratinised and non keratinised tissue

A

The basal cell layer

68
Q

What are the differences in the prickle cell layer between keratinised and non keratinised tissue

A

The keratinised layer has a lot of tono filaments that are bundled into fibre the non keratinised layer only has dispersed tono filament NO fibres

69
Q

What are the differences in the intermediate layer between keratinised and non keratinised tissue

A
  1. In keratinised tissue this layer is called the granular intermediate layer as it has granules
    2, Non keratinised tissue is made up of multiple layers and has no granules but contains membrane bound organelles that contain glycogen
70
Q

What do the granules in the intermediate layer of keratinised contain?

A

They contain hyaline keratin (Keratohyalin)

71
Q

Describe the non keratinised intermediate cell layer

A

Made up of multiple layers

Contains membrane bound organelles that contain glycogen

72
Q

Describe the intermediate layer of keratinise tissue

A

It is called the granular keratinised layer as it has granules that contain hyaline keratin (Keratohyalin)
It is also single layered

73
Q

What is the surface layer of keratinised tissue called

A

The keratinised surface layer

74
Q

What happens to cells as they fill with keratin?

A

They die and form a fortified layer of keratin

75
Q

What happens to cells as they fill with keratin?

A

They die and form a fortified layer of keratin

76
Q

Describe the non keratisinsed surface layer?

A

Maintains its nucleus
Less mature than keratinised surface layer
No surface organelles

77
Q

Name the 2 stages of keratin maturation

A
  1. Ortho-keratin

2. Par- keratin

78
Q

Describe Ortho-keratin tissues

A

Has no nuclei in the superficial layer

79
Q

Describe Par- keratin tissues

A

Remenants of small nuclei can be seen in the superficial layer

80
Q

What is the mature keratin tissue layer called

A

Ortho-keratin

81
Q

Name the 3 major non keratinocytes found in the surface layer of no keratinised epithelium

A
  1. Langerhan cells
  2. Merkel cells
  3. melanocytes
82
Q

What is the common feature between langerhan cells, Merkel cells, melanocytes

A

They are all dendritic cells

83
Q

What function do langerhan cells have?

A

They have an immune/ defence function as they are antigen printing cells

84
Q

What function do Merkel cells have?

A

They have a pigmentation function as rehydrates synthesis melanin

85
Q

What function do melanocytes have?

A

They have a sensory tactile and allow for tactile sensation

86
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

They are found in the basal cell layer connected to a Merkel disk that is attached to an afferent sensory nerve

87
Q

What is the submucosa formed of?

A

2 layers:

  1. Lamina propia
  2. Submucosa
88
Q

What is the lamina proper formed of?

A

Formed of the interdigitation of the epithelium with the underlying connective tissue

89
Q

What are the finger like structures extended by the epithelium called?

A

Epithelial Rete Pegs/ ridges

90
Q

What is the connective tissue that extends into the Rete pegs called?

A

Connective tissue papillae

91
Q

Name the 2 layers that make up the lamina propia

A
  1. Papillary layer

2. Reticular layer

92
Q

Describe the papillary layer of the lamina propia

A

It is made up of loose connective tissue

Has finger like projection called Rete Pegs/ ridges

93
Q

Describe the reticular layer of the lamina propia

A

Made up of dense connective tissue

94
Q

Name the cells that make up the lamina propia

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Endothelial cells
  3. Macrophages
  4. Mast cells
  5. Lymphocytes
95
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

They synthesis fibres and extracellular matrix

96
Q

Where are the Endothelial cells found

A

They line the blood vessel

97
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytosis and antibody presenting

98
Q

Describe mast cells

A

Contain histamine and heparin

99
Q

What do lymphocytes do ?

A

They increase during inflammation

100
Q

What are histiocytes?

A

They are macrophages before they are activated

101
Q

What are macrophages called before they are activated?

A

They are called histiocytes

102
Q

Describe the structure of the lamina propia

A
  1. Cells
  2. Fibres
  3. Extracelular matriz
  4. Blood supply and sensory nerve supply
103
Q

Which fibres make up the lamina propia

A

90% collagen type I
8% Collagen type III
2% non-collagenous fibres

104
Q

Name some non-collagenous fibres

A
  1. Elastin

2. Oxytalan

105
Q

Describe the extracellular matrix that makes up the lamina propia

A

Hydrates gel of glycoproteins and proteoglycans

106
Q

Name the 2 layers that form the basal lamina

A

Lamina lucida

Lamina densa

107
Q

What is the lamina densa made up of?

A

Formed of dense plaque

108
Q

What connects the cells of the basal lamina to the basement membrane ?

A

hemi-desmosomes

109
Q

How is the basement membrane connected to the lamina propia

A

By anchoring fibres

110
Q

Describe anchoring fibres

A

They are loops of collagen 6 that connects the basement membrane and the lamina propia

111
Q

What can happen If the anchoring fibres are damaged?

A

Can lead to immunodeficiency disorders

112
Q

Describe the submucosa layer

A

It is made up of blood vessels nerves and the minor salivary glands

113
Q

Name the different types of papillae we can find on the tongue

A
  1. Fililform papillae
  2. Fungiform papilla
  3. Foliate papila
114
Q

Describe Fililform papillae

A

They are pyramidial highly keratinised and cover the whole surface of the tongue

115
Q

What happens if the Fililform papillae are overgrown?

A

Can lead to hairy tongue which can harbour bacteria and fungi

116
Q

Describe Fungiform papillae

A

Contain taste buds

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