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IBMS SR > Vitamins E lec > Flashcards

Vitamins E lec Flashcards

1
Q

why is vitamin k important

A

important in blood clotting and the formation of mineralised tissues

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2
Q

why are babies given vitamin k AT birth

A

to stop from internal bleeding

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3
Q

what is the RNI of vitamin K in the uk

A

no established RNI

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4
Q

what are our sources of vitamin K

A

from gut bacteria but also available in green veg and egg yolk and liver and cereals

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5
Q

why can we get vitamin K deficiency

A

lack of vitamin K
long term antibiotic use which can diminish gut bacteria
anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin- antagonists
new born babies have sterile gut so cannot make fit k

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6
Q

what is the function of vitamin k

A

essential in the formation of gamma carboxylgutammate

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7
Q

what happens when there is a deficiency of vitamin k

A

it cannot be used as co factor to produce gamma carboxyglutamate and therefore inhibits protein function

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8
Q

which clotting factors contain gamma carboxyglutamate

A

clotting factors II,VII,IX,X

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9
Q

What do clotting factors II,VII,IX,X have in common

A

they all contain gamma carboxyglutamate

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10
Q

what else is required for blood clotting

A

calcium ions

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11
Q

what will too much warfarin cause

A

uncontrollable haemorrhage

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12
Q

what is warfarin used as

A

rat poison

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13
Q

how do we treat warfarin poisoning

A

vitamin K injection

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14
Q

which protein is involved in bone formation and contains gamma carboxyglutamate

A

osteocalcin

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15
Q

what does osteocalcin contain

A

contains gamma carboxyglutamate

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16
Q

what are infants who are born to mothers taking warfarin at risk of

A

foetal warfarin syndrome- severe bone deformities

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17
Q

what is another name for vitamin A

A

retinol

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18
Q

what is the RNI for vitamin A in women

A

600mg/day

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19
Q

what is the RNI for vitamin A in men

A

700mg/day

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20
Q

what are some sources of vitamin A

A 
butter 
whole milk
egg yolk
liver 
fit oils
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21
Q

what does XS vitamin a lead to

A

toxic
skin and nerve disorders
also teratogenic( causes congenital foetal malformation)

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22
Q

what are the three active forms of vitamin A

A

RETINAL
RETINOIC ACID
B carotene

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23
Q

describe retinal

A

binds to opsin to fome the visual pigment rhodopsin which helps us see in low level light

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24
Q

describe retinoic acid

A

acts as as steroid hormone increasing the transcription of proteins controlling cell growth and differentiation

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25
Q

describe b carotene

A

an antioxidant- protects dan against oxidative damage which may cause cancer

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26
Q

what can deficiencies of vitamins a present as

A

mild- follicular hyperkeratosis

anemia and increased susceptibility to infection and night blindness

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27
Q

what can severe vitamin A deficiency present as

A

progressive keratinisation of the cornea of the eye leading to xerophthalmia- infection sets in leading to haemorrhaging and permanent loss of vision

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28
Q

what are the oral implications of vitamin a deficiency

A

impaired healing
desquamination of oral mucosa and keratosis
gingival hypertrophy loss of taste disturbed enamel and dentine formation

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29
Q

what is another name for vitamin b1

A

thiamin

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30
Q

what is the recommended nutrient intake for thiamin in men

A

1mg/day

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31
Q

what is the recommended nutrient intake for thiamin in women

A

0.8mg/day

32
Q

what are some sources of thiamin

A

whole grains pork yeast dairy and legumes

33
Q

what is the function of thiamin

A

coenzyme in dehydrogenase enzymes involved catabolism

also important in the conduction of nerve impulses

34
Q

what is beriberi

A

result of a long term deficiency where polished rice is a major diet constituent
causes fatigue nerve damage
heart can also be affected on the right side leading to oedema

35
Q

what is a classic sign of of nerve damage

A

loss of the ankle jerk reface

36
Q

what can happen if the right side of the heart is damaged

A

can lead to oedema

37
Q

what is wernicke korsakoff syndrome

A

in developed countries thiamine defieicnes occur in alcoholics

38
Q

what are the characteristics of wernickes korsakoff syndrome

A

apathy loss of memory

loss of side to side motion of eyeballs

39
Q

what are the oral symptoms of vitamin b deficiency

A

include burning tongue and oral mucosa sensitivity

40
Q

what is vitamin b6 called

A

pyridoxine

41
Q

what is the recommended nutrient index of vitamins b6 in men

A

1.4mg/days

42
Q

what is the recommended nutrient index of vitamins b6 in women

A

1.2mg/day

43
Q

what can large doses of vitamin b6 cause

A

severe nerve damage

44
Q

what are sources of vitamin b6

A 
wheat 
egg 
yolk 
liver 
fish 
poultry
45
Q

what is the function of vitamin b6

A

pyridoxal phosphate is a co enzyme un mary reactions including transamination and deamination

46
Q

where can deficiency be seen in people with vitamin b6 deficiency

A

babies who are fed formula milk
old people
alcoholics

47
Q

what are the symptoms of b6 deficiency

A

anaemia
depression
and convulsions

48
Q

how is pyridoxine attached in the body

A

to the transminase enzyme in the form of pyridoxal phosphate

49
Q

what is another name for vitamin e

A

tocopherol

50
Q

what is the RNI of vitamin e

A

it is difficult to establish because deficiency if virtually unknown

51
Q

what does vitamin e deficiency occur secondary to

A

lipid absorption disorders as it is absorbed in lipids

52
Q

what are the sources of vitamin e

A

8 vitamins related to tocopherols and tocotrienols it is found in vegetable and wheat germ oils green veggies and nuts

53
Q

what is the function of vitamin e

A

Vitamin E is an antioxidant. It protects vitamin A, cell membrane components, red
blood cells and low density lipoproteins (LDL) against oxidation- therefore may decrease the risk of heart disease

54
Q

what is another name for vitamin b2

A

riboflavin

55
Q

what is the RNI of riboflavin in men

A

1.3mg/day in men

56
Q

what is the rni of riboflavin in women

A

1.1mg/day

57
Q

is vitamin b2 toxic

A

it is non toxic

58
Q

what are the sources of riboflavin

A

milk
eggs
liver

59
Q

what is the function of vitamin b2

A

active as a flavin mononucelotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide
these are co enzymes and associated with electron carrying in oxidases and dehydrogenase

60
Q

where can we see deficiency of vitamin b2

A

in alcoholics and the elderly

61
Q

what are the symptoms of vitamin b2 deficiency

A

cracks and inflammation at the corners of the mouth and on the lips and cataracts and glossitis( inflamed tongue)
growth failure
scaliness around nose and ears

62
Q

what is another name for vitamin b3

A

niacin

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

63
Q

what is the RNI for vitamin b3 in men

A

17mg/day

64
Q

what is the rni for vitamin b3 in women

A

14mg/day

65
Q

what are some sources of vitamin b3

A

whole grains milk

meat fish and the AA tryptophan

66
Q

how much tryptophan is needed to make 1mg of the vitamin b3

A

60mg of tryptophan is needed for 1mg

67
Q

what is the function of vitamin b3

A

active forms are NAD AND NADPH- coenzymes in many reactions

68
Q

what is pellagra

A

a side effect of vitamin b6 deficiency characterised by a red rash on skin exposed to the sun and depressive psychosis

69
Q

what is the rni of pantothenic acid

A

no recognised rni

70
Q

what are sources of pantothenic acid

A

eggs

liver and yeast

71
Q

what is the function of pantothenic acid

A

part of co enzyme A

72
Q

what are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency

A

rare but fatigue

73
Q

what is the rni of biotin

A

none stated

74
Q

what is the sources of biotin

A

most foods esp egg yolk
yeast nuts
also synthesised by intestinal bacteria

75
Q

what is the function of biotin

A

coenzyme in carboxylation reactions- carries C02

76
Q

what can consuming huge amounts of raw egg can induce deficiency

A

dermatitis

77
Q

what does egg white contain

A

a protein called avidin which binds biotin and prevents its uptake

IBMS SR (38 decks)

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