Catabolism of fatty acids- beta oxidation

Question 1

what are fatty acids

Answer 1

are fuel molecules stored as triacylglycerols

Question 2

what are triacylglycerols

Answer 2

uncharged esters of fatty acids with glycerol

Question 3

what is created during the oxidation of fatty acids

Answer 3

energy

Question 4

what is formed during fasting/ uncontrolled type 1 diabetes

Answer 4

ketosis and ketoacidosis

Question 5

what is lipolysis

Answer 5

the hydrolysis of triacylglyerol stored in adipose tissue to fatty acids

Question 6

where are triacylglycerol stored

Answer 6

in adipose tissue

Question 7

what does lipolysis depend on

Answer 7

our hormone sensitive lipids

Question 8

what can the glycerol from lipolysis be converted into

Answer 8

DHAP which can be converted back into GAP for our aerobic respiration cycle

Question 9

what is the relationship between free fatty acids and the time exercising

Answer 9

as the time exercising increases the amount of free fatty acid conc in the blood also increases

Question 10

what hormones can influence free fatty acid conc in the blood

Answer 10

adrenaline and glucagon

Question 11

describe the b oxidation overview

Answer 11

fatty acids are highly reduced
they can be oxidised bY nad+ and FAD and they can enter the ETC
also can be converted into Acetyl COA and oxidised by NAD+ and FAD in the TCA cycle

Question 12

how are fatty acids activated

Answer 12

1.COA+ fatty acid—-> acyl COa( via acyl coa synthase)
which uses ATP and form AMP + PPi—-> 2Pi via the enzyme pyrophosphatase
2.acyl coA is bought into the mitochondrial space and needs to be bought into the matrix for beta oxidation
3. Acyl CoA + CARNATINE—> acylcarnatine +CoA via carnitine acyltransferase
4. use acyl carnation translocase to shuttle across into the inner membrane
5.acylcarnatine—-> acylCoA + carnatine via carnitine acyltransferase II

Question 13

what are the steps of beta oxidation in oxidation stage 1.

Answer 13

1. oxidation- from acyl CoA via Acyl CoA dehydrogenase to form trans delta2 enoyl CoA and producing reduced
   FAD

Question 14

what are the steps of beta oxidation in hydration stage 2.

Answer 14

trans delta2 enoyl CoA is converted into hydroxyacyl CoA via hydrolysis and enoyl CoA hydratase

Question 15

what are the steps of beta oxidation in oxidation stage 3.

Answer 15

hydroxyacyl CoA concerted into B hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase and produces 1 NADH and ketoacyl CoA

Question 16

what are the steps of beta oxidation in thiolysis stage 4

Answer 16

ketoacyl CoA converted into acyl coA and myristol coA( back to step 1) via ketoacyl CoA thiolase and using CoA-SH

Question 17

what is the step 1 oxidation for myristol CoA

Answer 17

myristol coA converted into

Question 18

how much ATP does one NADH made

Answer 18

2.5 ATP

Question 19

what double bonds do natural unsaturated fatty acids have

Answer 19

cis double bonds

Question 20

what does vitamin b12 deficiency cause

Answer 20

anaemic due to effects on folic acid metabolism

Question 21

what can cause neurological disorders

Answer 21

build up of metabolic products from odd c fatty acids metabolism and they accumulate in myelin sheaths

Question 22

how do we regulate b oxidation

Answer 22

from hormone sensitive lipase when converts triacylglycerol into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 23

how do hormone sensitive lipase work q

Answer 23

1. activated by adding a phosphate group on the lipase

2. inactivated by removing the phosphate group via phosphatase

Question 24

what hormone effects (up regulates) phosphatase activity

Answer 24

insulin

Question 25

what can activate hormone sensitive lipase

Answer 25

protein kinase which uses ATP this is unregulated by CAMP

Question 26

what molecule is protein kinase upregulated by

Answer 26

cAMP

Question 27

what molecule up regulates cAMP

Answer 27

glucagon adrenaline noradrenaline

Question 28

what inhibits cAMP

Answer 28

insulin

Question 29

which molecule inhibits carnitine acyltransferase 1

Answer 29

malonyl CoA

Question 30

what are ketone bodies

Answer 30

they transport liver acetyl CoA in the blood to other organs for use as fuel for brain, heart and muscle

Question 31

what is ketosis

Answer 31

normal physiological response to fasting or low carb diet

Question 32

what is ketoacidosis

Answer 32

abnormally high levels of ketone bodies in the blood reduces the ph and causes coma and death( typically in type 1 diabetes or low carb diet)

Question 33

what is the characteristic when there is a high amount of ketone bodies in the liver

Answer 33

fruity smell breath

Question 34

describe diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 34

blood glucose levels very high due to the inability to take up glucose and liver is running gluconeogensis because there is no insulin the liver thinks the patient is fasting and causes the flooding of ketone bodies in the blood

Question 35

what does xs ketone bodies in the blood cause

Answer 35

``` drop the pH confusion abdominal pain unconsciousness and possibly death kussmaul breathing also causes a lot of water and electrolyte loss leading to dehydration ```

Question 36

how do we help patients with diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 36

fluids electrolytes to restore salt and dilution of ketone bodies and insulin injections