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IBMS SR > Catabolism of fatty acids- beta oxidation > Flashcards

Catabolism of fatty acids- beta oxidation Flashcards

1
Q

what are fatty acids

A

are fuel molecules stored as triacylglycerols

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2
Q

what are triacylglycerols

A

uncharged esters of fatty acids with glycerol

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3
Q

what is created during the oxidation of fatty acids

A

energy

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4
Q

what is formed during fasting/ uncontrolled type 1 diabetes

A

ketosis and ketoacidosis

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5
Q

what is lipolysis

A

the hydrolysis of triacylglyerol stored in adipose tissue to fatty acids

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6
Q

where are triacylglycerol stored

A

in adipose tissue

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7
Q

what does lipolysis depend on

A

our hormone sensitive lipids

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8
Q

what can the glycerol from lipolysis be converted into

A

DHAP which can be converted back into GAP for our aerobic respiration cycle

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9
Q

what is the relationship between free fatty acids and the time exercising

A

as the time exercising increases the amount of free fatty acid conc in the blood also increases

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10
Q

what hormones can influence free fatty acid conc in the blood

A

adrenaline and glucagon

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11
Q

describe the b oxidation overview

A

fatty acids are highly reduced
they can be oxidised bY nad+ and FAD and they can enter the ETC
also can be converted into Acetyl COA and oxidised by NAD+ and FAD in the TCA cycle

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12
Q

how are fatty acids activated

A

1.COA+ fatty acid—-> acyl COa( via acyl coa synthase)
which uses ATP and form AMP + PPi—-> 2Pi via the enzyme pyrophosphatase
2.acyl coA is bought into the mitochondrial space and needs to be bought into the matrix for beta oxidation
3. Acyl CoA + CARNATINE—> acylcarnatine +CoA via carnitine acyltransferase
4. use acyl carnation translocase to shuttle across into the inner membrane
5.acylcarnatine—-> acylCoA + carnatine via carnitine acyltransferase II

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13
Q

what are the steps of beta oxidation in oxidation stage 1.

A
  1. oxidation- from acyl CoA via Acyl CoA dehydrogenase to form trans delta2 enoyl CoA and producing reduced
    FAD
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14
Q

what are the steps of beta oxidation in hydration stage 2.

A

trans delta2 enoyl CoA is converted into hydroxyacyl CoA via hydrolysis and enoyl CoA hydratase

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15
Q

what are the steps of beta oxidation in oxidation stage 3.

A

hydroxyacyl CoA concerted into B hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase and produces 1 NADH and ketoacyl CoA

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16
Q

what are the steps of beta oxidation in thiolysis stage 4

A

ketoacyl CoA converted into acyl coA and myristol coA( back to step 1) via ketoacyl CoA thiolase and using CoA-SH

17
Q

what is the step 1 oxidation for myristol CoA

A

myristol coA converted into

18
Q

how much ATP does one NADH made

A

2.5 ATP

19
Q

what double bonds do natural unsaturated fatty acids have

A

cis double bonds

20
Q

what does vitamin b12 deficiency cause

A

anaemic due to effects on folic acid metabolism

21
Q

what can cause neurological disorders

A

build up of metabolic products from odd c fatty acids metabolism and they accumulate in myelin sheaths

22
Q

how do we regulate b oxidation

A

from hormone sensitive lipase when converts triacylglycerol into glycerol and fatty acids

23
Q

how do hormone sensitive lipase work q

A
  1. activated by adding a phosphate group on the lipase

2. inactivated by removing the phosphate group via phosphatase

24
Q

what hormone effects (up regulates) phosphatase activity

A

insulin

25
Q

what can activate hormone sensitive lipase

A

protein kinase which uses ATP this is unregulated by CAMP

26
Q

what molecule is protein kinase upregulated by

A

cAMP

27
Q

what molecule up regulates cAMP

A

glucagon
adrenaline
noradrenaline

28
Q

what inhibits cAMP

A

insulin

29
Q

which molecule inhibits carnitine acyltransferase 1

A

malonyl CoA

30
Q

what are ketone bodies

A

they transport liver acetyl CoA in the blood to other organs for use as fuel for brain, heart and muscle

31
Q

what is ketosis

A

normal physiological response to fasting or low carb diet

32
Q

what is ketoacidosis

A

abnormally high levels of ketone bodies in the blood reduces the ph and causes coma and death( typically in type 1 diabetes or low carb diet)

33
Q

what is the characteristic when there is a high amount of ketone bodies in the liver

A

fruity smell breath

34
Q

describe diabetic ketoacidosis

A

blood glucose levels very high due to the inability to take up glucose and liver is running gluconeogensis
because there is no insulin the liver thinks the patient is fasting and causes the flooding of ketone bodies in the blood

35
Q

what does xs ketone bodies in the blood cause

A 
drop the pH 
confusion 
abdominal pain
unconsciousness and possibly death 
kussmaul breathing 
also causes a lot of water and electrolyte loss leading to dehydration
36
Q

how do we help patients with diabetic ketoacidosis

A

fluids electrolytes to restore salt and dilution of ketone bodies
and insulin injections

IBMS SR (38 decks)

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