Water-soluble Vitamins Flashcards
what vitamins are water soluble?
B and C
What are the B vitamins?
Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, Folic Acid, Cobalamin, Choline
There is no storage of B vitamins except for ____
B12
What are the functions of B vitamins?
metabolic catalysts (coenzymes) for energy metabolism pathways, cellular maintenance, and blood cell formation
In ruminant animals and herbivores, microbial synthesis __________ requirements, while in monogastrics __________ is essential
meets; daily supplementation
Thiamine
B1
Thiamine functions
coenzyme in enzymatic decarboxylation of pyruvate (key reaction in energy-producing pathways)
Thiamine requirements are influenced by…..
the level of CHOs in their diet
What is a good source of thiamine?
cereal grains
T/F: feed processing can destroy thiamine content
true (it’s heat labile)
Thiamine requirement is linked to ___________ of the diet
energy content
Thiamine deficiency causes
dysfunction in the nervous system due to its role in neurophysiology
- polyneuritis
- Chastek paralysis (raw fish)
Riboflavin
B2
Riboflavin functions
A component of two different coenzymes that are both involved in dehydrogenation/oxidation reactions that function in the release of energy from CHOs, fats, and proteins
Riboflavin is named for its
yellow color (flavin) and sugar (ribose)
Riboflavin deficiencies
reduction of growth in young animals, lesions of the corner of the mouth, anorexia, loss of hair, and diarrhea in young animals
Niacin
B3
Niacin functions
Constituent of two important coenzymes that serve as hydrogen carriers in several important metabolic processes involving CHO metabolism (glycolysis) and other energy deriving pathways involving CHOs, fats, and proteins
What are sources of Niacin?
- bound niacin in cereal grains (not biologically available to animals)
- Animal sources are highly available
Corn contains ________, which binds to niacin and makes it __________ for absorption
niacinogen; unavailable
most animals except _____ are capable of synthesizing niacin from ______
cats; tryptophan
What animal needs to receive all of their niacin from their diet?
cats
Niacin deficiency
- black tongue disease in dogs
- poor feathering around the eyes in chickens (speculated eyes)
- thick skin and dermatitis in humans (pellagra)
Pantothenic acid
B5
T/F: B5 is in all tissues of the body
true, pan=all
Pantothenic Acid function
constituent of coenzyme A, which is involved in energy metabolism
Pantothenic acid deficiency - extremely rare
reduced growth rates, goose-stepping in pigs due to nerve degeneration, rough coat, anorexia, and decreased productivity
Pyridoxine
B6
What is the biologically active form of pyridoxine?
pyridoxal
Pyridoxal function
component of coenzyme that participates in a wide variety of biochemical reactions, most involving amino acid metabolism
- synthesis of tryptophan from niacin requires B6
Pyridoxine deficiency
- similar to deficiencies in niacin because B6 deficiencies can cause niacin deficiency
- convulsions and reduced immuno response
Biotin
B7
Biotin function
important for lipid and CHO metabolism, CO2 carrier in reactions with lengthened carbon chains
______ contains a lot of avidin which binds to Biotin and makes it ______ for digestion and absorption leading to _____
raw egg whites; unavailable; deficiency
Biotin deficiency
dermatitis and hair loss
Folic Acid
B9
What is the most prominent human vitamin deficiency?
B9
Folic Acid function
B12 enhances the conversion of Folic Acid to tetrahydrofolic acid which is required for synthesis of purine and pyrimidine, which are required for DNA synthesis and cell replication
Folic Acid deficiency
less DNA and cell multiplication affecting mitotically active cells such as bone marrow and skin –> can cause megaloblastic anemia
B12 deficiency and the use of antimicrobials will precipitate a folic acid deficiency
Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin
B12
What is the only vitamin that is only synthesized by microorganisms?
B12
What two B vitamins have a close relationship
B12 and B9
B12 is a unique vitamin in that is has a trace element mineral of _____
Cobalt
Cobalamin functions
involved in the transfer of single carbon units during various biochemical reactions
What organ plays an important role in the absorption of B12?
Stomach; the acidity and pepsin release the tightly bound vitamin B12 from its dietary source. the stomach secretes an intrinsic factor, a specific binding glycoprotein that travels with the B12 to the ileum and is absorbed into the portal vein
What mineral is required for B12 absorption in the ileum?
calcium
Cobalamin Deficiency
Absence of glycoprotein can lead to B12 deficiency, symptoms are similar to folic acid deficiency; anemia and neural disorders, interferes with absorption of nutrients, changes of intestinal lining will occur, loss of appetite and reduced growth are observed in livestock
_________ is required only for ruminants as the rumen microbes will synthesize cobalamin
Cobalt
In ruminants, rumen microbes can synthesize _______ so there is no requirement, but they do need cobalt to synthesize _____
all B vitamins; B12
Ascorbic acid
vitamin C
What vitamin is closely related to monosaccharide sugars in structure?
vitamin C
Ascorbic acid function
required for hydroxylation reactions of proline and lysine in the formation of collagen, elastin synthesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis; antioxidant - reduces oxidative stress
Ascorbic acid can be synthesized from _____ by all mammals except _________ and _________
glucose; primates and guinea pigs
Is there an Ascorbic acid requirement for livestock?
No
Ascorbic acid deficiency
scurvy= impaired wound healing, capillary bleeding, faulty bone formation, and anemia
