Water-soluble Vitamins

Question 1

what vitamins are water soluble?

Answer 1

B and C

Question 2

What are the B vitamins?

Answer 2

Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, Folic Acid, Cobalamin, Choline

Question 3

There is no storage of B vitamins except for ____

Answer 3

B12

Question 4

What are the functions of B vitamins?

Answer 4

metabolic catalysts (coenzymes) for energy metabolism pathways, cellular maintenance, and blood cell formation

Question 5

In ruminant animals and herbivores, microbial synthesis __________ requirements, while in monogastrics __________ is essential

Answer 5

meets; daily supplementation

Question 6

Thiamine

Answer 6

B1

Question 7

Thiamine functions

Answer 7

coenzyme in enzymatic decarboxylation of pyruvate (key reaction in energy-producing pathways)

Question 8

Thiamine requirements are influenced by…..

Answer 8

the level of CHOs in their diet

Question 9

What is a good source of thiamine?

Answer 9

cereal grains

Question 10

T/F: feed processing can destroy thiamine content

Answer 10

true (it’s heat labile)

Question 11

Thiamine requirement is linked to ___________ of the diet

Answer 11

energy content

Question 12

Thiamine deficiency causes

Answer 12

dysfunction in the nervous system due to its role in neurophysiology
- polyneuritis
- Chastek paralysis (raw fish)

Question 13

Riboflavin

Answer 13

B2

Question 14

Riboflavin functions

Answer 14

A component of two different coenzymes that are both involved in dehydrogenation/oxidation reactions that function in the release of energy from CHOs, fats, and proteins

Question 15

Riboflavin is named for its

Answer 15

yellow color (flavin) and sugar (ribose)

Question 16

Riboflavin deficiencies

Answer 16

reduction of growth in young animals, lesions of the corner of the mouth, anorexia, loss of hair, and diarrhea in young animals

Question 17

Niacin

Answer 17

B3

Question 18

Niacin functions

Answer 18

Constituent of two important coenzymes that serve as hydrogen carriers in several important metabolic processes involving CHO metabolism (glycolysis) and other energy deriving pathways involving CHOs, fats, and proteins

Question 19

What are sources of Niacin?

Answer 19

• bound niacin in cereal grains (not biologically available to animals)
• Animal sources are highly available

Question 20

Corn contains ________, which binds to niacin and makes it __________ for absorption

Answer 20

niacinogen; unavailable

Question 21

most animals except _____ are capable of synthesizing niacin from ______

Answer 21

cats; tryptophan

Question 22

What animal needs to receive all of their niacin from their diet?

Answer 22

cats

Question 23

Niacin deficiency

Answer 23

• black tongue disease in dogs
• poor feathering around the eyes in chickens (speculated eyes)
• thick skin and dermatitis in humans (pellagra)

Question 24

Pantothenic acid

Answer 24

B5

Question 25

T/F: B5 is in all tissues of the body

Answer 25

true, pan=all

Question 26

Pantothenic Acid function

Answer 26

constituent of coenzyme A, which is involved in energy metabolism

Question 27

Pantothenic acid deficiency - extremely rare

Answer 27

reduced growth rates, goose-stepping in pigs due to nerve degeneration, rough coat, anorexia, and decreased productivity

Question 28

Pyridoxine

Answer 28

B6

Question 29

What is the biologically active form of pyridoxine?

Answer 29

pyridoxal

Question 30

Pyridoxal function

Answer 30

component of coenzyme that participates in a wide variety of biochemical reactions, most involving amino acid metabolism - synthesis of tryptophan from niacin requires B6

Question 31

Pyridoxine deficiency

Answer 31

- similar to deficiencies in niacin because B6 deficiencies can cause niacin deficiency - convulsions and reduced immuno response

Question 32

Biotin

Answer 32

B7

Question 33

Biotin function

Answer 33

important for lipid and CHO metabolism, CO2 carrier in reactions with lengthened carbon chains

Question 34

______ contains a lot of avidin which binds to Biotin and makes it ______ for digestion and absorption leading to _____

Answer 34

raw egg whites; unavailable; deficiency

Question 35

Biotin deficiency

Answer 35

dermatitis and hair loss

Question 36

Folic Acid

Answer 36

B9

Question 37

What is the most prominent human vitamin deficiency?

Answer 37

B9

Question 38

Folic Acid function

Answer 38

B12 enhances the conversion of Folic Acid to tetrahydrofolic acid which is required for synthesis of purine and pyrimidine, which are required for DNA synthesis and cell replication

Question 39

Folic Acid deficiency

Answer 39

less DNA and cell multiplication affecting mitotically active cells such as bone marrow and skin --> can cause megaloblastic anemia B12 deficiency and the use of antimicrobials will precipitate a folic acid deficiency

Question 40

Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin

Answer 40

B12

Question 41

What is the only vitamin that is only synthesized by microorganisms?

Answer 41

B12

Question 42

What two B vitamins have a close relationship

Answer 42

B12 and B9

Question 43

B12 is a unique vitamin in that is has a trace element mineral of _____

Answer 43

Cobalt

Question 44

Cobalamin functions

Answer 44

involved in the transfer of single carbon units during various biochemical reactions

Question 45

What organ plays an important role in the absorption of B12?

Answer 45

Stomach; the acidity and pepsin release the tightly bound vitamin B12 from its dietary source. the stomach secretes an intrinsic factor, a specific binding glycoprotein that travels with the B12 to the ileum and is absorbed into the portal vein

Question 46

What mineral is required for B12 absorption in the ileum?

Answer 46

calcium

Question 47

Cobalamin Deficiency

Answer 47

Absence of glycoprotein can lead to B12 deficiency, symptoms are similar to folic acid deficiency; anemia and neural disorders, interferes with absorption of nutrients, changes of intestinal lining will occur, loss of appetite and reduced growth are observed in livestock

Question 48

_________ is required only for ruminants as the rumen microbes will synthesize cobalamin

Answer 48

Cobalt

Question 49

In ruminants, rumen microbes can synthesize _______ so there is no requirement, but they do need cobalt to synthesize _____

Answer 49

all B vitamins; B12

Question 50

Ascorbic acid

Answer 50

vitamin C

Question 51

What vitamin is closely related to monosaccharide sugars in structure?

Answer 51

vitamin C

Question 52

Ascorbic acid function

Answer 52

required for hydroxylation reactions of proline and lysine in the formation of collagen, elastin synthesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis; antioxidant - reduces oxidative stress

Question 53

Ascorbic acid can be synthesized from _____ by all mammals except _________ and _________

Answer 53

glucose; primates and guinea pigs

Question 54

Is there an Ascorbic acid requirement for livestock?

Answer 54

No

Question 55

Ascorbic acid deficiency

Answer 55

scurvy= impaired wound healing, capillary bleeding, faulty bone formation, and anemia