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Animal Nutrition > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

How does the pH of the stomach in monogastrics compare to ruminants?

A

monogastrics - pH 1-3
ruminants - more neutral

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2
Q

sucrose =

A

glucose + fructose

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3
Q

lactose =

A

galactose + glucose

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4
Q

Can mammals digest lactose?

A

yes

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5
Q

Can mammals digest sucrose?

A

yes

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6
Q

What percentage of Dry Matter is forage?

A

less than or equal to 70%

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7
Q

What percentage of Dry Matter is seed?

A

less than or equal to 85%

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8
Q

What is the source of starch?

A

consumed from plant material

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9
Q

What is the main source of carbohydrates in humans?

A

starch

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10
Q

What is the source of glycogen?

A

consumed from animal products

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11
Q

What is the source of disaccharides?

A

products containing refined sugar and lactose

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12
Q

What are the most nutritionally important sugars?

A

pentoses and hexoses

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13
Q

Sugars link together via _______ bonds

A

glycosidic

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14
Q

What are the most nutritionally significant disaccharides?

A

lactose and sucrose

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15
Q

What CHO is fermented slowly and provided bulk in the rumen?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

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16
Q

As plants mature, _____ increases and the extent of ______ and ________ fermentation in the rumen decreases

A

lignin; cellulose and hemicellulose

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17
Q

Cells break down glucose when energy levels are ____

A

low

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18
Q

Energy production of glucose starts with _____

A

glycolysis

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19
Q

What factors increase absorption?

A

chronic food intake restriction and diabetes

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20
Q

What factors decrease absorption?

A

Short-term fasting, adrenalectomy, thyroidectomy, and ovariectomy (spay + neuter)

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21
Q

Main Volatile Fatty Acids that make up about 95% of the acids produced in the rumen

A

acetic, propionic, and butyric acids

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22
Q

The fermentation of amino acids is used to feed ____ and _____

A

rumens and bacteria in the rumen

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23
Q

CO2 and CH4 are eliminated through ____ in rumens to prevent ____

A

belching; bloat

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24
Q

During lactation, the mammary gland has a great need for _____ to produce lactose

A

glucose

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25
Q

Mammary glands also synthesize ________. _______ of milk fat is synthesized in the mammary glands

A

saturated fatty acids; half

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26
Q

The other half of milk fat comes from ____ in the diet

A

lipids

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27
Q

What is the waste of fermentation in the rumen?

A

gas, heat, and volatile fatty acids

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28
Q

_____ is transported inside the mitochondria and oxidized into acetyl coenzyme A

A

pyruvate

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29
Q

Through the _____ ______ cycle or _______ cycle, acetyl CoA is ultimately oxidized to CO2

A

citric acid/Kreb’s

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30
Q

The _____ is the sole source of glucose in a cow that has a starch diet

A

liver

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31
Q

A diet with high levels of starch will lead to a _______ volume of milk and milk protein but it ________ the pH of the rumen

A

higher, decreases

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32
Q

Digestion of simple sugars in the rumen results in ______ and ______ and ____ milk fat content

A

propionate and butyrate

33
Q

Digestion of starch in the rumen results in _____

A

propionate

34
Q

If a new diet is introduced to a rumen too quickly or not in a balanced way, the pH _____ and could result in ______

A

decreases, acidosis

35
Q

What are the reactions in glucose catabolism coupled to? What does this process make?

A

The electron transport chain; glucose

36
Q

Glucose Catabolism order

A

Glycolysis - Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA - Citric Acid Cycle - Electron Transport Chain

37
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

38
Q

What is the definition of anabolism?

A

building up

39
Q

What is the definition of catabolism?

A

breaking down

40
Q

Where is glucose stored?
What is it stored as?

A

The liver and muscle; glycogen

41
Q

T/F - muscle glycogen is available for all tissues

A

False, it is only readily available for muscle tissue

42
Q

T/F - muscle glycogen is 1-2% of muscle weight

43
Q

T/F - liver glycogen is 5% of liver weight

A

False, it is 8% of liver weight

44
Q

T/F - muscle glycogen is the largest source in the body

45
Q

T/F - liver glycogen is only available for liver tissue

A

False, it is available for all tissues

46
Q

What is the process of making glycogen called?

A

glycogenesis

47
Q

What happens after eating carbs?

A

Glucose enters the portal circulation and hepatocytes in the liver, insulin is released by the pancreas, insulin stimulates glycogen synthase to convert glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)

48
Q

In fasting animals, glycogen stores in the liver are depleted after about ____ hours

49
Q

What is the difference between glycogenolysis and glycogenesis?

A

Glycogenesis - makes glycogen from glucose
Glycogenolysis- breaks down glycogen to release glucose

50
Q

Glycogenolysis is stimulated by ____ and _____

A

glucagon and epinephrine

51
Q

What is glucagon?

A

released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels fall

52
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

released during fight or flight response to provide extra energy

53
Q

Brain and fetal tissue have to have _____

54
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates

55
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

mostly the liver but sometimes in the kidneys

56
Q

When does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

when blood glucose levels are low

57
Q

What non CHO are used in gluconeogenesis?

A

lactate, amino acids (alanine and glutamine) and glycerol

58
Q

Cellulose and hemicellulose are _____ CHO

59
Q

Which VFA is more abundant in a hay diet?

60
Q

What is formed in the presence of excess glucose, after glycogen?

61
Q

What is released from the pancreas during hypoglycemia?

62
Q

What is released from the pancreas during hyperglycemia?

63
Q

What VFA is more abundant in a starch diet?

A

propionate

64
Q

What causes rumen acidosis?

A

grain-rich diets or a sudden change from pasture to feedlot

65
Q

Are dogs type 1 or type 2 diabetics?

66
Q

What type of diabetes has to do with insulin resistance?

67
Q

What type of diabetes has to do with the pancreas not producing insulin?

68
Q

What factors affect VFAs and the rumen fermentation process?

A

forage concentration, physical form of diet, feed additives, and species

69
Q

What is also affected if VFAs are affected in rumens?

A

milk production, milk fat percentage, the efficiency of conversion of feed to milk, and relative value of a ration for milk production as opposed to fattening

70
Q

Insulin controls the processes of….

A

glycogenesis, lipogenesis, glycolysis, inhibit glycogenolysis, and protein synthesis

71
Q

Glucagon controls the processes of…

A

oppose the action of insulin, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

72
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes mellitus

A

hyperglycemia, glucosuria, ketosis (if not treated), polyuria, polydipsia, and electrolyte loss

73
Q

Effects of insulin deficiency

A

protein and amino acid metabolism, CHO and lipid metabolism, severe negative N balance, and membrane transfer system because insulin is required for glucose to be transported into the cell for metabolism

74
Q

Effects of insulin-like growth factors

A

major links between protein intake and the anabolic response of cells in the body of food ingestion, control the growth of several types of cells in animals and humans, and structure is similar to insulin

75
Q

How many calories are supplied supplies from each gram of carbohydrates?

76
Q

In Type __ Diabetes, the pancreas is not able to produce enough insulin

77
Q

In Type __ Diabetes, the insulin-creating (Beta) cells are destroyed by the autoimmune, resulting in beta cell deficiency

78
Q

In Type __ Diabetes, insulin resistance turns to beta cell dysregulation turns into impaired glucose tolerance and beta cell insufficiency

Animal Nutrition (7 decks)

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