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Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

How does the pH of the stomach in monogastrics compare to ruminants?

A

monogastrics - pH 1-3
ruminants - more neutral

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2
Q

sucrose =

A

glucose + fructose

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3
Q

lactose =

A

galactose + glucose

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4
Q

Can mammals digest lactose?

A

yes

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5
Q

Can mammals digest sucrose?

A

yes

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6
Q

What percentage of Dry Matter is forage?

A

less than or equal to 70%

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7
Q

What percentage of Dry Matter is seed?

A

less than or equal to 85%

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8
Q

What is the source of starch?

A

consumed from plant material

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9
Q

What is the main source of carbohydrates in humans?

A

starch

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10
Q

What is the source of glycogen?

A

consumed from animal products

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11
Q

What is the source of disaccharides?

A

products containing refined sugar and lactose

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12
Q

What are the most nutritionally important sugars?

A

pentoses and hexoses

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13
Q

Sugars link together via _______ bonds

A

glycosidic

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14
Q

What are the most nutritionally significant disaccharides?

A

lactose and sucrose

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15
Q

What CHO is fermented slowly and provided bulk in the rumen?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

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16
Q

As plants mature, _____ increases and the extent of ______ and ________ fermentation in the rumen decreases

A

lignin; cellulose and hemicellulose

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17
Q

Cells break down glucose when energy levels are ____

A

low

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18
Q

Energy production of glucose starts with _____

A

glycolysis

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19
Q

What factors increase absorption?

A

chronic food intake restriction and diabetes

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20
Q

What factors decrease absorption?

A

Short-term fasting, adrenalectomy, thyroidectomy, and ovariectomy (spay + neuter)

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21
Q

Main Volatile Fatty Acids that make up about 95% of the acids produced in the rumen

A

acetic, propionic, and butyric acids

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22
Q

The fermentation of amino acids is used to feed ____ and _____

A

rumens and bacteria in the rumen

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23
Q

CO2 and CH4 are eliminated through ____ in rumens to prevent ____

A

belching; bloat

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24
Q

During lactation, the mammary gland has a great need for _____ to produce lactose

A

glucose

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25
Mammary glands also synthesize ________. _______ of milk fat is synthesized in the mammary glands
saturated fatty acids; half
26
The other half of milk fat comes from ____ in the diet
lipids
27
What is the waste of fermentation in the rumen?
gas, heat, and volatile fatty acids
28
_____ is transported inside the mitochondria and oxidized into acetyl coenzyme A
pyruvate
29
Through the _____ ______ cycle or _______ cycle, acetyl CoA is ultimately oxidized to CO2
citric acid/Kreb's
30
The _____ is the sole source of glucose in a cow that has a starch diet
liver
31
A diet with high levels of starch will lead to a _______ volume of milk and milk protein but it ________ the pH of the rumen
higher, decreases
32
Digestion of simple sugars in the rumen results in ______ and ______ and ____ milk fat content
propionate and butyrate
33
Digestion of starch in the rumen results in _____
propionate
34
If a new diet is introduced to a rumen too quickly or not in a balanced way, the pH _____ and could result in ______
decreases, acidosis
35
What are the reactions in glucose catabolism coupled to? What does this process make?
The electron transport chain; glucose
36
Glucose Catabolism order
Glycolysis - Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA - Citric Acid Cycle - Electron Transport Chain
37
What happens in glycolysis?
38
What is the definition of anabolism?
building up
39
What is the definition of catabolism?
breaking down
40
Where is glucose stored? What is it stored as?
The liver and muscle; glycogen
41
T/F - muscle glycogen is available for all tissues
False, it is only readily available for muscle tissue
42
T/F - muscle glycogen is 1-2% of muscle weight
True
43
T/F - liver glycogen is 5% of liver weight
False, it is 8% of liver weight
44
T/F - muscle glycogen is the largest source in the body
True
45
T/F - liver glycogen is only available for liver tissue
False, it is available for all tissues
46
What is the process of making glycogen called?
glycogenesis
47
What happens after eating carbs?
Glucose enters the portal circulation and hepatocytes in the liver, insulin is released by the pancreas, insulin stimulates glycogen synthase to convert glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)
48
In fasting animals, glycogen stores in the liver are depleted after about ____ hours
8-12
49
What is the difference between glycogenolysis and glycogenesis?
Glycogenesis - makes glycogen from glucose Glycogenolysis- breaks down glycogen to release glucose
50
Glycogenolysis is stimulated by ____ and _____
glucagon and epinephrine
51
What is glucagon?
released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels fall
52
What is epinephrine?
released during fight or flight response to provide extra energy
53
Brain and fetal tissue have to have _____
glucose
54
What is gluconeogenesis?
formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates
55
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
mostly the liver but sometimes in the kidneys
56
When does gluconeogenesis occur?
when blood glucose levels are low
57
What non CHO are used in gluconeogenesis?
lactate, amino acids (alanine and glutamine) and glycerol
58
Cellulose and hemicellulose are _____ CHO
fibrous
59
Which VFA is more abundant in a hay diet?
acetate
60
What is formed in the presence of excess glucose, after glycogen?
fat
61
What is released from the pancreas during hypoglycemia?
glucagon
62
What is released from the pancreas during hyperglycemia?
insulin
63
What VFA is more abundant in a starch diet?
propionate
64
What causes rumen acidosis?
grain-rich diets or a sudden change from pasture to feedlot
65
Are dogs type 1 or type 2 diabetics?
Type 1
66
What type of diabetes has to do with insulin resistance?
Type 2
67
What type of diabetes has to do with the pancreas not producing insulin?
Type 1
68
What factors affect VFAs and the rumen fermentation process?
forage concentration, physical form of diet, feed additives, and species
69
What is also affected if VFAs are affected in rumens?
milk production, milk fat percentage, the efficiency of conversion of feed to milk, and relative value of a ration for milk production as opposed to fattening
70
Insulin controls the processes of....
glycogenesis, lipogenesis, glycolysis, inhibit glycogenolysis, and protein synthesis
71
Glucagon controls the processes of...
oppose the action of insulin, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
72
Symptoms of Diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia, glucosuria, ketosis (if not treated), polyuria, polydipsia, and electrolyte loss
73
Effects of insulin deficiency
protein and amino acid metabolism, CHO and lipid metabolism, severe negative N balance, and membrane transfer system because insulin is required for glucose to be transported into the cell for metabolism
74
Effects of insulin-like growth factors
major links between protein intake and the anabolic response of cells in the body of food ingestion, control the growth of several types of cells in animals and humans, and structure is similar to insulin
75
How many calories are supplied supplies from each gram of carbohydrates?
4
76
In Type __ Diabetes, the pancreas is not able to produce enough insulin
1
77
In Type __ Diabetes, the insulin-creating (Beta) cells are destroyed by the autoimmune, resulting in beta cell deficiency
1
78
In Type __ Diabetes, insulin resistance turns to beta cell dysregulation turns into impaired glucose tolerance and beta cell insufficiency
2

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