Fat-soluble Vitamins

Question 1

What are vitamins divided on, and what are those groups referred to?

Answer 1

solubility; fat-soluble and water-soluble

Question 2

Vitamins are a group of chemically unrelated organic molecules that are needed in _____ amounts for ______ functions

Answer 2

minute; physiological

Question 3

Do vitamins produce energy?

Answer 3

No, they are not used for synthesis of structural compounds

Question 4

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 4

A,D,E,K

Question 5

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored?

Answer 5

the liver and adipose tissue

Question 6

Excess storage can be toxic for _ and _

Answer 6

A,D

Question 7

What is the precursor for Vitamin A? Where is it present?

Answer 7

Carotenoid; plants

Question 8

What is the biologically active form of Vitamin A?

Answer 8

retinol

Question 9

What are the three related forms of Vitamin A?

Answer 9

retinol (alcohol), retinal (aldehyde) and retinoic acid (acid)

Question 10

What produces the orange/yellow pigment in plant food?

Answer 10

Carotenoids

Question 11

What are the two versions and carotenoids and what are the differences between them?

Answer 11

Carotenes- have vitamin A activity (especially Beta carotene)
Xanthophylls- do not have vitamin activity and are involved in providing color pigments and are used in diets for plumage color enrichment, egg yolk pigmentation, and aquaculture feeds

Question 12

Vitamin A functions

Answer 12

vision, bone growth, reproduction, maintenance of epithelial cells, proliferation and differentiation of cells, mucoprotein production, which serves as a barrier and protects against bacterial invasion

Question 13

Vitamin A deficiency

Answer 13

Night blindness, dry eyes, skin, and other tissues, increased infections, thinning and ulceration of the cornea, oval, triangular, or irregular foamy patches on the white of the eye, dry hair, pruritis, and broken fingernails

Question 14

Vitamin A sources

Answer 14

mango, sweet potatoes, tuna, cantaloupe, carrots, dark leafy greens

Question 15

Vitamin A metabolism

Answer 15

Digested and absorbed along with fat, hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase, and is incorporated into chylomicrons and transported to the lymph for storage in the liver as retinyl esters. Once hydrolyzed, these esters become free retinol and are transported to the blood to the needed tissues

Question 16

___ cannot convert B carotene to vitamin A due to the lack of B carotene splitting enzyme and need performed vitamin A from animal sources

Answer 16

cats

Question 17

Vitamin A toxicity

Answer 17

Ingestion of LARGE doses within a short period of time can cause intestinal upset, headache, blurred vision, muscular incoordination, dizziness, and death by convulsions.
Large intake of vitamin A over a long period of time can cause bone/muscle pain, loss of appetite, skin disorders, headache, dry skin, hair loss, increased liver size, vomiting, dry itchy/flaky skin, fractures

Question 18

What are the two forms of vitamin D?

Answer 18

ergocalciferol (D2, activated plant form)
cholecalciferol (D3, activated animal form)

Question 19

Vitamin D2 is formed upon exposure to sunlight when?

Answer 19

after harvest

Question 20

Animals kept in confinement and not exposed to sunlight will require _____

Answer 20

Vitamin D

Question 21

____ is most important in omnivores and carnivores, however most animals can convert _____ to _____

Answer 21

D3, D2 to D3

Question 22

________ is also considered a hormone due to its regulatory functions in calcium and phosphorous homeostatis

Answer 22

Vitamin D

Question 23

VItamin D deficiency

Answer 23

Osteomalacia (rickets)
- lack of appetite, weight loss
- enlarged or stiff joints, bowed legs
- caused by inadequate vitamin D and incorrect calcium: phosphorous ratio

Question 24

Vitamin D toxicity

Answer 24

can occur from excessive vitamin D supplementation, causing deposition of calcium in the kidneys, heart, and lungs

Question 25

tocopherols and tocotrienols

Answer 25

Vitamin E

Question 26

What is the most active biological form of Vitamin E?

Answer 26

alpha-tocopherol

Question 27

Vitamin E functions

Answer 27

Avoiding oxidation (protects the integrity of cell membranes) and promoting normal reproduction protect palatability, decrease rancidity, and prevent destruction of nutrients while protecting other nutrients such as proteins and Vitamin A

Question 28

Vitamin E depends on the level of ________, degree of _____ and other external stressors

Answer 28

polyunsaturated fatty acids; peroxidative damage

Question 29

Vitamin E sources

Answer 29

egg yolks and plant oils

Question 30

What mineral and vitamin go together very well?

Answer 30

Vitamin E and Selenium

Question 31

High levels of Vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet increase the requirement for _________

Answer 31

Vitamin E

Question 32

Vitamin E deficiency

Answer 32

Stiff-Lamb Disease (White Muscle Disease) - treatment of selenium injections if caught early enough; selenium injections when tail is docked Encephalomalacia (Crazy Chick Disease)

Question 33

Selenium destroys _______ and is found to decrease the requirement of __________

Answer 33

free radicals; Vitamin E

Question 34

What fat-soluble vitamin is the least toxic?

Answer 34

Vitamin E

Question 35

the quinones

Answer 35

Vitamin K

Question 36

What are the different groups of Vitamin K?

Answer 36

K1- phylloquinone - found in green plants K2- menaquinones - synthesized by hindgut bacteria K3- menadione - most common version, added to animal diets and is the synthetic form

Question 37

Vitamin K functions

Answer 37

needed for synthesis of prothrombin, a blood clotting protein

Question 38

High doses of vitamin K are generally non toxic except for ________ which can cause anemia

Answer 38

menadione

Question 39

Certain _____ drugs can cause a vitamin K deficiency as they are antagonists to vitamin K. Some molds contain _____ which is also an antagonist to Vitamin K. ____ in rat poison is an anticoagulant because it is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K.

Answer 39

Sulfa; dicuomarol; Warfarin

Question 40

Which vitamin is highly prone to destruction, so proper storage of prepared feed (away from heat and light) is necessary to prevent oxidative changed to fat and maintain vitamin levels?

Answer 40

Vitamin E

Question 41

What vitamin is added to animal diets to enhance food nutrition, aesthetic value, and lipid stability?

Answer 41

Vitamin E

Question 42

The liver converts __ and __ to K2 before it is used since __ is the metabolically active form

Answer 42

K1 and K3; K2; K2

Question 43

GI bacteria can provide the needed __________ to most animals through absorption from the hindgut or through coprophagy (eating feces), so raising animals on wired floors or prolonged antibiotic therapy can limit the available vitamin in the diet

Answer 43

Vitamin K

Question 44

Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 44

will lead to a prolonged bleeding time