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A&P internet cards > Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base balance > Flashcards

Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base balance Flashcards

1
Q

What term is another name for volume depletion? This occurs when proportionate amounts of both water and sodium are lost without replacement.

A

Hypovolemia

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2
Q

The excretion of what represents a major route of water loss?

A

Urine

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3
Q

Why is it important to maintain the pH of blood and tissue fluids within normal limits?

A

Slight deviations from normal pH can shut down metabolic pathways; the structure and function of macromolecules are pH dependent

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4
Q

What pH disorder is caused by hypoventilation and apnea?

A

Respiratory acidosis

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5
Q

Which pH disorder is caused by hyperventilation due to pain or emotions such as anxiety?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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6
Q

What pH disorder can result from chronic vomiting; overuse of antacids; or aldosterone hypersecretion?

A

metabolic alkalosis

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7
Q

What pH disorder can result from excess production of organic acids, hyperkalemia, chronic diarrhea, excessive alcohol consumption, aspirin, and laxatives?

A

Metabolic Acidosis

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8
Q

List calcium, potassium, and phosphate imbalances from most dangerous to least dangerous

A

1: Potassium
2: Calcium
3: Phosphate

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9
Q

What are some important functions of sodium?

A

It is involved in generating body heat via the Na-K pump; It participates in cotransport of glucose, K+, and Ca+; it participates in muscle and nerve depolarization

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10
Q

What ion is the principle cation of the ECF?

A

Sodium

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11
Q

What is the condition called when there is a dangerously high plasma potassium concentration greater than 5.5 mEq/L?

A

hyperkalemia

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12
Q

What are two types of fluid deficiency?

A

hypovolemia and dehydration

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13
Q

What term refers to a compound that helps maintain stable pH by binding protons if H+ concentration begins to rise, and releasing them into solution if H+ concentration falls?

A

Chemical Buffer

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14
Q

What is the name for the condition when plasma concentration of potassium is less than 3.5 mEq/L?

A

hypokalemia

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15
Q

Which cation lends strength to the skeleton, activates muscle contraction, serves as a second messenger for some hormones and neurotransmitters, and is an essential factor in blood clotting?

A

calcium

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16
Q

What is the combination of water from food and drink known as?

A

preformed water

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17
Q

What are functions of potassium?

A

It helps produce the resting membrane potential and action potentials of nerve and muscle cells; it plays a role in cotransport and thermogensis via the Na+-K+ pump; it is an essential cofactor for protein synthesis and some other metabolic processes; it is the greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume

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18
Q

What is the loss of water through the breath and cutaneous transpiration?

A

insensible water loss

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19
Q

What is the loss of water through minimal urine formation; expired air; cutaneous transpiration; and fecal moisture?

A

Obligatory water loss

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20
Q

What is the loss of water through urine and visible sweating?

A

sensible water loss

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21
Q

List the routes of normal water loss from largest volume to smallest volume

A

1: Urine
2: Cutaneous transpiration
3: Expired Breath
4: Feces
5: Sweat

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22
Q

What hormones regulate sodium homeostasis?

A

Antidiuretic hormone; natriuretic hormone; aldosterone

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23
Q

When is a person in a state of fluid balance?

A

when daily fluid gains equal losses

24
Q

What is the most abundant solute particle electrolyte in the ICF?

A

Potassium

25
Q

What is the most abundant solute particle electrolyte in the ECF?

A

Sodium

26
Q

Prolonged, heavy work increases water loss from what routes?

A

perspiration, respiratory loss

27
Q

What occurs when blood volume and pressure are too high?

A

The release of ADH is inhibited

28
Q

A tissue fluid pH below 7.35 is defined as a state of what?

A

acidosis

29
Q

What mechanisms maintain intracellular calcium concentrations low?

A

Cells often have a protein called calsequestrin, which binds the stored Ca2+ and keeps it chemically unreactive; cells sequester Ca2+ in the smooth ER and release it only when needed; Cells actively pump out Ca2+

30
Q

What happens to total body water and ECF with hypovolemia?

A

Total body water is reduced, ECF remains isotonic

31
Q

What happens to total body water and ECF with dehydration?

A

Total body water is reduced and ECF becomes hypertonic

32
Q

What happens to total body water and ECF with volume excess?

A

Total body water is elevated and ECF remains isotonic

33
Q

What happens to total body water and ECF with hypotonic hydration?

A

Total body water is elevated and ECF becomes hypotonic

34
Q

What is referred to as the “salt-retaining hormone” because it plays the primary role in adjusting sodium excretion?

A

Aldosterone

35
Q

List the oder of events during neutralization of hydrogen ions in the kidney from the moment H2CO3 forms until HCO3- returns to blood, beginning with the formation of H2CO3 in the blood.

A

1: H+ in blood reacts with HCO3- to form H2CO3
2: H2CO3 decomposes into H2O and CO2, which enter the tubule cell
3: Tubule cells obtain CO2 from blood, and tubular fluid
4: CAH combines H2O and CO2 to re-form H2CO3
5: H2CO3 ionizes to form HCO3- (which returns to the blood to neutralize more H+ in the blood) and H+

36
Q

What occurs when the body eliminates more water than sodium, so that the ECF osmolarity rises?

A

Dehydration

37
Q

Why do cells maintain a very low intracellular calcium concentration?

A

calcium phosphate crystals would precipitate in the cytoplasm if levels were too high

38
Q

What type of buffer system stabilizes pH by controlling the body’s output of acids, bases, or CO2? What are some examples?

A

Physiological buffer; respiratory and urinary system

39
Q

Imbalances of which ion are the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances?

A

potassium

40
Q

What is the condition in which plasma sodium concentration is less than 130 mEq/L?

A

hyponatremia

41
Q

List the components of transcellular fluid

A

Vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye; cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids; bile and fluid in the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts

42
Q

List the four main fluid compartments of the body and the percentage of the body water they contain

A

1: Intracellular fluid: 65%
2: Tissue (interstitial) fluid: 25%
3: Blood plasma and lymph: 8%
4: Transcellular fluid: 2%

43
Q

Water output is primarily controlled through variations in what?

A

urine volume

44
Q

Approximately how much water is lost per day through urine?

A

1500mL

45
Q

Approximately how much water is lost per day through feces?

A

200mL

46
Q

Approximately how much water is lost per day through sweat?

A

100mL

47
Q

Approximately how much water is lost per day through expired breath?

A

300mL

48
Q

Approximately how much water is lost per day through cutaneous transpiration?

A

400mL

49
Q

What would be considered a normal pH value for arterial blood?

A

7.4

50
Q

What are the primary effects of aldosterone?

A

Urine contains less NaCl; Urine contains more K+; urine has a lower pH

51
Q

What are the two types of fluid excesses?

A

volume excess and hypotonic hydration

52
Q

What are functions of chloride ions?

A

They are important in osmotic balance; they play a mjor role in the regulation of body pH; they contribute to the formation of stomach acid; they participate in the chloride shift in that accompanies carbon dioxie loading and unloading

53
Q

What occurs when the rate of alveolar ventilation fails to keep pace with the body’s rate of CO2 production?

A

carbon dioxide accumulates in the ECF and lowers it’s pH, causing respiratory acidosis

54
Q

Aldosterone stimulates what?

A

renal secretion of potassium and renal reabsorption of sodium

55
Q

Which ion acts as an important buffer that helps stabilize the pH of body fluids?

A

phosphate

56
Q

What does aldosterone do to urine pH?

A

decreases pH

A&P internet cards (19 decks)

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