mod 6 Respiratory System: Anatomy and Function Flashcards
• 1) Air and food are routed into the proper channels by the • a. trachea • b. pharynx • c. larynx • d. carina • e. uvula
• 1) Air and food are routed into the proper channels by
the
• c. larynx
• 2) The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is • a. to secrete pulmonary surfactant • b. to trap dust and other debris • c. to replace mucus in the alveoli • d. to facilitate movement of macrophages into the alveoli • e. to secrete defensins and lysosymes
2) The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types
of cells, type I and type II.
The function of type II is
• a. to secrete pulmonary surfactant
3) The smallest airways in the conducting zone is (are) the • • a. primary bronchioles • b. terminal bronchioles • c. respiratory bronchioles • d. alveolar ducts • e. alveolar sacs
- 3) The smallest airways in the conducting zone is (are) the
- b. terminal bronchioles
• 4) The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs
because
• a. they contain cilia that protect the lungs
• b. they control the volume of the lungs
• c. they maintain the proper temperature of the lungs
• d. they produce a lubricating serous secretion,
allowing the lungs to glide
• over the thorax wall during breathing
• e. they secrete lung surfactant
• 4) The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs
because
• d. they produce a lubricating serous secretion,
allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax wall during
breathing
5) The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by • a. Dalton's law • b. Henry's law • c. Charles' law • d. Boyle's law • e. Poiseuille’s law
• 5) The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is
given by
• d. Boyle’s law P1V1 = P2V2
6) The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases • a. Henry's law • b. Boyle's law • c. Dalton's law • d. Charles' law • e. Poiseuille’s law
6) The statement, “in a mixture of gases, the total
pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures
of gases in the mixture” paraphrases
• c. Dalton’s law
• 7) Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from
collapsing by
• a. humidifying the air before it enters
• b. warming the air before it enters
• c. Increasing the stabilising force of surface tension at
the air liquid interface
• d. interfering with the cohesiveness of water
molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of
alveolar fluid
• e. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration
and other environmental variations
• 7) Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from
collapsing by
• d. interfering with the cohesiveness of water
molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of
alveolar fluid
• 8) For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory
membrane must be
• a. less than 0.1 micrometer thick
• b. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
• c. at least 3 micrometers thick
• d. between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
• e. the thickness of the respiratory membrane is not
important in the efficiency of gas exchange
8) For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory
membrane must be
• b. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
• 9) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by • a. osmosis • b. diffusion • c. filtration • d. active transport • e. reabsorption
• 9) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through
all cell membranes by
• b. diffusion
23) Select the correct statement about the pharynx
• a. the adenoids are located in the laryngopharynx
• b. the auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx
• c. the laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the
nasopharynx
• d. the palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral
walls of the nasopharynx
• e. the oropharynx is lined with pseudostratified
columnar ciliated cells
10) Select the correct statement about the pharynx
• b. the auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx
11) The larynx contains
• a. the thyroid cartilage
• b. C-shaped rings of cartilage
• c. a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam’s apple
• d. an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
• e. lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
- 11) The larynx contains
* a. the thyroid cartilage
12) Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were
to blow up a balloon?
• a. diaphragm and external intercostals
• b. diaphragm and internal intercostals
• c. diaphragm and abdominal muscles
• d. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
• e. external intercostals and abdominal muscles
12) Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were
to blow up a balloon?
• d. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
- 13) Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?
- a. middle lobe
- b. cardiac notch
- c. horizontal fissure
- d. oblique fissure
- e. segmental bronchi
- 13) Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?
- b. cardiac notch
• 14) Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? • a. respiratory bronchioles • b. alveolar ducts • c. alveolar sacs • d. alveoli • e. alveolar pores
14) Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas
exchange?
• d. alveoli
15) The respiratory membrane is a combination of
• a. alveoli and alveolar sacs
• b. alveoli, alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts
• c. alveoli, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory
bronchioles
• d. the area of the alveoli covered by type I cells
• e. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused
basement membranes
• 15) The respiratory membrane is a combination of
• e. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused
basement membranes
- 16) The nose serves all the following functions except
- a. as a passageway for air movement
- b. speech production
- c. as the initiator of the cough reflex
- d. warming and humidifying the air
- e. cleansing the air
16) The nose serves all the following functions except
• c. as the initiator of the cough reflex
• 17) The factors responsible for holding the lungs to
the thorax wall are
• a. the smooth muscles of the lung
• b. the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
• c. the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the
lungs
• d. adhesion forces acting between visceral and
parietal pleurae
• e. the opposing lung and chest wall recoil forces
17) The factors responsible for holding the lungs to
the thorax wall are
• d. adhesion forces acting between visceral and
parietal pleurae
18) Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs
because of the
• a. ciliated mucous lining in the nose
• b. abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
• c. porous structure of turbinate bones
• d. action of the epiglottis
• e. powerful cough reflex
• 18) Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs
because of the
• a. ciliated mucous lining in the nose
19) Which of the following is not the case?
• a. gas flow equals pressure gradient divided by
resistance
• b. pressure gradient equals gas flow divided by
resistance
• c. resistance equals pressure gradient divided by gas
flow
• d. intrapleural pressure is always negative during quiet
breathing
• e. the amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is
directly proportional to the pressure gradient between
the external atmosphere and the alveoli
• 19) Which of the following is not the case?
• b. pressure gradient equals gas flow divided by
resistance
• The flow of gases through tubes can be described in the same way as
blood flow though blood vessels
• F = Δ P/R or R = Δ P/F
• F= flow, ΔP = pressure gradient, R = resistance
- 20) Additional muscle action is required for breathing when
- a. lung compliance increases
- b. chest wall compliance increases
- c. airway resistance decreases
- d. alveolar surface tension increases
- e. amount of surfactant in the lungs increases
• d. alveola• The ability of the lungs to expand is expressed using a
measure known as the lung compliance
• Lung compliance is the volume change that can be
achieved in the lungs per unit pressure change
• C = Δ V / Δ P
• The increase in lung volume during inspiration results from
an “inflating pressure” (the transpulmonary pressure)
Note: error in lecture slides (replace “intrapulmonary :
with “transpulmonary”
• For a given change in transpulmonary pressure (ΔP) the
resultant change in volume (ΔV) depends on the
“stretchiness” of the lungs and chest wall
• Compliance depends on the distensibility of the lung tissue
and alveolar surface tensionr surface tension increases
21) Low lung compliance tends to make inflation ___, and low airway
resistance tends to make rapid breathing ___
• a. easy and easy
• b. easy and difficult
• c. difficult and easy
• d. difficult and difficult
• e. none of the above
c. difficult and easy
22) The flow of air into the alveoli is
• a. trachea - bronchioles - bronchi - alveoli
• b. trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
• c. bronchi - trachea - bronchioles - alveoli
• d. bronchioles - trachea - bronchi - alveoli
• e. bronchi - bronchioles - trachea - alveoli
• b. trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
23) The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles do all of the following
EXCEPT
• a. warm the air.
• b. filter the air to remove impurities.
• c. distribute air to exchange surfaces.
• d. remove O2
from the air.
• e. humidify the air.
d. remove O2
from the air.
24) To overcome the problem of surface tension in the alveoli, specialised alveolar cells secrete fluid containing • a. carbohydrate • b. lipid • c. acid • d. base • e. salt
b. lipid
• 25) Pulmonary surfactants do all of the following EXCEPT • a. prevent IRDS • b. reduce surface tension • c .increase lung compliance • d. prevent alveolar collapse • e. decrease airway resistance
• e. decrease airway resistance
- 26) An arteriole is like a bronchiole in that both
- a. allow gas exchange
- b. allow flow in both directions
- c. are lined with cilia
- d. contain a layer of smooth muscle
- e. increase flow rate when constricted
• d. contain a layer of smooth muscle
• 27) According to gas laws, if the pressure in a closed container doubles, and the temperature stays the same, then the volume must • a. double • b. be cut in half • c. be cut by three-fourths • d. quadruple • e. be cut by one fourth
• b. be cut in half
• 28) Suppose a sealed, rigid container held normal air (21% O2 , 78% N2 , 1% argon) at 760 mmHg pressure. If then more N2 were pumped into the container to raise the total pressure to 800 mmHg, the PO2 would then • a. increase to 160 mmHg • b. increase to 168 mmHg • c. decrease to 160 mmHg • d. decrease to 168 mmHg • e. remain the same
e. remain the same
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
• In a mixture of gases, each gas contributes to the total pressure: the
pressure it would exert if the gas were present in the container by
itself.
• If all the other gases were removed from atmospheric air, oxygen
would still exert the same pressure (160 mm Hg)
• To obtain a total pressure, add all of the partial pressures:
• P total = P1 +P2 +P3 +…PN
• 29) Closing the upper airway passage at the end of a
lung inflation and contracting abdominal and internal
intercostal muscles rapidly produces a marked increase
in alveolar pressure. Sudden opening of the airway
causes a rapid return of alveolar pressure to normal as
air is expelled very quickly. This describes a
• a. sniffle
• b. cough
• c. gasp
• d. yawn
• e. whistle
• b. cough
• 30) Which of the following gases exerts the greatest partial pressure in venous blood • a. oxygen • b. carbon dioxide • c. water vapour • d. nitrogen • e. argon
• d. nitrogen
31) The greatest partial pressure gradient across
the alveolar-capillary membrane is found for
• a. H2O
• b. CO2
• c. N2
• d. O2
• e. NO
• d. O2
32) Which one of the following conditions
does NOT occur on a large inspiration?
• a. inspiratory muscles contract
• b. size of the thoracic cavity increases
• c. intrapleural pressure becomes more positive
• d. transpulmonary pressure increases
• e. lung becomes more inflated
• c. intrapleural pressure becomes more positive
33) During expiration, which of the following does NOT occur? • a. respiratory muscles relax • b. intrapleural pressure becomes less negative • c. transpulmonary pressure decreases • d. lung deflates • e. alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure
• e. alveolar pressure decreases below
atmospheric pressure
34) The pressure that keeps the lungs inflated is • a. atmospheric • b. alveolar • c. transpulmonary • d. intratracheal • e. partial
• c. transpulmonary Transpulmonary pressure • Keeps the lungs inflated • Prevents lungs from collapsing • Also called the “distension pressure” • Transpulmonary pressure describes the difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure in the lungs and is measured by subtracting pleural pressure from alveolar pressure
35) Intrapulmonary pressure is the
• a. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
• b. pressure within the pleural cavity
• c. negative pressure in the intrapleural space
• d. difference between atmospheric pressure
and respiratory pressure
• e. pressure within the thoracic cavity
• a. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
36) What kind of cell innervates the diaphragm? • a. parasympathetic neurone • b. interneurone • c. preganglionic sympathetic neurone • d. postganglionic sympathetic neurone • e. alpha motor neurone
• e. alpha motor neurone
37) Tidal volume is air
• a. remaining in the lungs after forced
expiration
• b. exchanged during normal breathing
• c. forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration
• d. forcibly expelled after normal expiration
• e. the volume of the conducting airways that
has to be cleared during an inspiration before
air reaches the alveoli
• b. exchanged during normal breathing
38) The vital capacity of an average young male is around • a. 1200 ml • b. 2400 ml • c. 3600 ml • d. 4800 ml • e. 6000 ml
d. 4800 ml
39) The lung volume that represents the maximum volume that can be inspired or expired is • a. tidal volume • b. total lung capacity • c. vital capacity • d. inspiratory capacity • e. functional residual capacity
c. vital capacity
40) The maximal amount of air that can be inspired after a normal (not forced) inspiration is called • a. inspiratory reserve volume • b. inspiratory capacity • c. functional residual capacity • d. vital capacity • e. total lung capacity
• a. inspiratory reserve volume
41) Inspiratory capacity is
• a. the total amount of air that can be inspired
after a tidal expiration
• b. the total amount of air that can be inspired
after a tidal inspiration
• c. the total amount of air that can be inspired
after a maximal expiration inspiration
• d. vital capacity minus functional residual
capacity
• e. total lung capacity minus residual volume
a. the total amount of air that can be inspired
after a tidal expiration
42) All of the following can be determined from a spirogram EXCEPT • a. expiratory reserve volume • b. inspiratory reserve volume • c. vital capacity • d. functional residual capacity • e. inspiratory capacity
d. functional residual capacity
43) Respiratory groups of neurones that control breathing are located in the • a. midbrain and pons • b. midbrain and medulla • c. midbrain and upper spinal cord • d. medulla and pons • e. medulla and upper spinal cord
• d. medulla and pons
44) The most powerful respiratory stimulus for
breathing in a healthy person is
• a. increase in temperature of arterial blood
• b. decrease in oxygen partial pressure in arterial
blood
• c. decrease in pH (acidosis) in arterial blood
• d. increase in pH (alkalosis) in arterial blood
• e. increase of carbon dioxide partial pressure in
arterial blood
e. increase of carbon dioxide partial pressure in
arterial blood
- 45) Another name for the inflation reflex is
- a. Bohr-Haldane
- b. Poiseuille-Laplace
- c. Fick-Dalton
- d. Hering-Breuer
- e. Charles-Henry
d. Hering-Breuer
46) Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? • a. rising carbon dioxide levels • b. rising blood pressure • c. arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg • d. decreased arterial pH • e. increased body temperature
b. rising blood pressure
47) Which of the following cells concerned with
respiration are not located in the brainstem?
• a. dorsal respiratory group
• b. ventral respiratory group
• c. pontine respiratory group
• d. carotid bodies
• e. central chemoreceptors
• d. carotid bodies
• 48) Which of the following statements is correct?
• a. H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors to
increase ventilation
• b. low arterial pH is the most powerful stimulator
of respiration.
• c. arterial blood pH affects central
chemoreceptors directly
• d. arterial blood pH does not affect peripheral
chemoreceptors directly
• e. H+ has little effect on the blood pH
a. H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors to
increase ventilation
49) Which of the conditions is the most powerful stimulant to alveolar ventilation? • a. increased PO2 • b. decreased PO2 • c. increased H+ concentration • d. decreased arterial pH • e. increased PCO2
• e. increased PCO2
50) Under which condition is alveolar ventilation stimulated via peripheral chemoreceptors? • a. PO2 below 60 mmHg • b. PO2 above 60 mmHg • c. PCO2 below 20 mmHg • d. PCO2 between 20 and 40 mmHg • e. pH Above 7.5
• a. PO2 below 60 mmHg
51) In the plasma of arterial blood of a healthy
person, the quantity of oxygen dissolved in
solution
• a. less than 2 % of the oxygen combined with
haemoglobin
• b. about 7% of the oxygen combined with
haemoglobin
• c. approximately equal to the amount combined
with haemoglobin
• d. much greater than the amount combined with
haemoglobin
• e. zero because oxygen is insoluble in aqueous
solution like plasma
a. less than 2 % of the oxygen combined with
haemoglobin
• 52) Which statement about CO2
is incorrect?
• a. its concentration in the blood is decreased by
hyperventilation
• b. its accumulation in the blood is associated with
a decrease in pH
• c. CO2
concentrations are greater in venous blood
than arterial blood
• d. raised CO2
levels in arterial blood stimulates
central chemoreceptors
• e. more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is
carried in the red blood cells
e. more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is
carried in the red blood cells
53) Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? • a. 20% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma. • b. 7-8% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin. • c. the majority of CO2 transported in the blood is in the form of carbonic acid • d. carbonic anhydrase is responsible for bonding CO2 to haemoglobin. • e. the chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transport
e. the chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2
transport
54) Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in
blood:
• a. at rest, a molecule of haemoglobin returning to the
lungs typically contains one molecule of O2
• b. during conditions of acidosis, haemoglobin will release
less of its O2
to the tissues
• c. oxyhaemoglobin saturation levels of greater than 95%
are only achieved during exercise when ventilation is
increased
• d. a 50% oxyhaemoglobin saturation level of blood
returning to the lungs might indicate a physical activity
level higher than normal
• e. binding of an O2 molecule to a haemoglobin molecule
makes subsequent binding of O2 molecules more difficult
d. a 50% oxyhaemoglobin saturation level of blood
returning to the lungs might indicate a physical activity
level higher than normal
• 55) Carbonic anhydrase is a(n)
• a. carrier of carbon dioxide in the blood
• b. storage site for carbon dioxide
• c. enzyme that accelerates the combination of
carbon dioxide and water
• d. enzyme that splits the bicarbonate ion
• e. enzyme that splits carbonic acid into hydrogen
and bicarbonate ions
c. enzyme that accelerates the combination of
carbon dioxide and water
56) During the chloride shift in tissue capillary blood, \_\_\_the red blood cell • a. HCO3 - exits • b. H2CO3 enters • c. CO2 exits • d. Cl- exits • e. carbonic anhydrase enters
• a. HCO3
- exits
57) With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released
from haemoglobin at the tissues because
• a. a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the
haemoglobin-oxygen bond
• b. a decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the
haemoglobin-oxygen bond
• c. an increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the
haemoglobin-oxygen bond
• d. an increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the
haemoglobin-oxygen bond
• e. none of the above since the Bohr effect concerns
the effect of oxygen
• unloading on carbon dioxide loading in the blood
a. a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the
haemoglobin-oxygen bond
