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A&P internet cards > mod 1 Cardiovascular system and heart > Flashcards

mod 1 Cardiovascular system and heart Flashcards

1
Q

name of the valve between the R atrium and R ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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2
Q

contractile cells of the heart are known as

A

myocardium

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3
Q

cardiac tamponade should be performed when there is

A

excess fluid is flowing from the pericardial cavity

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4
Q

blood is oxygenated in…

A

pulmonary veins

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5
Q

the apical pulse is located

A

5th intercostal space

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6
Q

the long refractory period of cardiac muscle is due to

A

influx of calcium ions and efflux of potassium ions

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7
Q

the electrical impulse originates from

A

sinoatrial node

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8
Q

if the vagal nerve was lesioned and provided no innervations to the heart, the heart rate would most likely be around

A

100 bpm

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9
Q

when a coronary artery is completely occluded, this condition is known as..

A

myocardial infarction

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10
Q

regarding the muscles of the heart, which of the following is correct?

A

atrial bundles are in circular arrangement

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11
Q

blood is initially pumped into pulmonary circulation via

A

pulmonary trunk

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12
Q

which process is correct for electrical activity in the heart

A

sa node, av node, av bundle, bundle branches purkinje fibres

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13
Q

atrial repolarisation occurs at which point of the qrs cycle

A

qrs complex

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14
Q

which of the following is not a a common arterial pulse site

A

common illiac artery

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15
Q

which is not a site you would find fenestrated capillaries

A

blood brain barrier

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16
Q

which is not a risk factor for atherosclerosis

A

low ldl

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17
Q

arteries and veins comparison

A

veins contain valves, arteries do not

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18
Q

vessel damage or atherosclerosis of the aorta results in what complication

A

aneurysm

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19
Q

what is not a type of pump to aid venus return

A

hepatic

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20
Q

which vein drains directly from the hepatic portal vein

A

splenic vein

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21
Q

a clot that dislodges is

A

embolus

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22
Q

myogenic autoregulation

A

calcium release inducing vascular smooth muscle contraction in response to increased bp and smooth muscle stretch

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23
Q

TF reactive hyperemia utilises metabolic vasodilators to dilate arterioles in response to and occclusion

A

T

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24
Q

coronary angioplasty

A

insertion and inflation of a small balloon to widen an occluded coronary artery

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25
Q

TF decreased compliance of elastic arteries may result in increased intravascular pressure and subsequent hypertension

A

T

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26
Q

not common in veins or arteries

A

internal elastic lamina

27
Q

blood flow to which organs does not change during exercise

A

brain

28
Q

direct determinant of end systolic volume

A

arterial blood pressure

29
Q

starlings law of the heart

A

increased pre-load increases the stretch of muscle fibres and results in a greater force of myocardial contraction

30
Q

which of the following factors will not increase cardiac output

A

depression of parasympathetic activity
stimulation of sympathetic activity
increased skeletal muscle work

31
Q

someone with high aerobic fitness would

A

ventricular hypertrophy and increased stroke volume

32
Q

what causes a decrease in blood flow

A

increased blood viscosity
decreased blood vessel diameter
increased blood vessel length

33
Q

formula for mean arterial pressure

A

diastolic pressure + pulse pressure /3

34
Q

what is primarily responsible for long term control of the blood pressure

A

kidneys

35
Q

what follows an increase in blood pressure beyond homeostatic range

A

inhibition of the vasomotor centre

stimulation of baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch

36
Q

what is the circulatory shock that occurs as a result of myocardial infarction or chronic hypertension

A

cardiogenic shock

37
Q

how would the body respond to a hemorrhage

A

vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

38
Q

what would result from ace inhibitors

A

decreased aldosterone secretion

39
Q

factors that affect heart rate

A

exercise, age, gender

40
Q

newborn infant appears to have peripheral perfusion problems and the paediatrician obtains the following measures: systolic bp 72mmHg, diastolic bp 36mmHg, cardiac output 0.8 L. the calculated total of peripheral resistance is

A

60mmHg.minL-1

41
Q

what is endocarditis

A

infection of the inner lining of the heart (bacteria, fungi)

flu like, fatigue, aching joints, night sweats, heart murmur, shortness of breath, pain on breathing

42
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium, sac like membrane around the heart. sharp pain, shortness of breath when reclining, heat palpitations, low fever

43
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart muscle, arrhythmias, chest pain, shortness of breath, fluid retention, fatigue

44
Q

Delivering single shocks in succession to stimulate the frog heart _______.

did not increase the height of the ventricular systole wave
resulted in fused tetanus
resulted in wave summation
increased the height of the ventricular systole wave

A

did not increase the height of the ventricular systole wave

45
Q

The doublet that results with more frequent stimulation of the frog heart represents _______.
an extrasystole
an extra contraction of the ventricles
an extra contraction of the atria
an extrasystole and an extra contraction of the atria
an extrasystole and an extra contraction of the ventricles

A

an extrasystole and an extra contraction of the ventricles

46
Q

When the ventricles beat rapidly in succession, _______.

a compensatory pause followed
the second peak was higher than the first
a doublet representing two atrial contractions followed
wave summation occurred

A

a compensatory pause followed

47
Q

When multiple stimuli were applied at 20 stimuli/sec, _______.
extrasystoles were produced
fused tetanus occurred
triplets representing three ventricular contractions occurred
atrial contractions completely disappeared

A

extrasystoles were produced

48
Q

When vagus nerve stimulation was applied to the frog heart, _______.
When vagus nerve stimulation was applied to the frog heart, _______.
the heart rate slowed and eventually stopped
the force of contraction decreased and the heart rate slowed and eventually stopped
the force of contraction decreased
the force of contraction increased and the heart rate slowed and eventually stopped
the force of contraction increased

A

the heart rate slowed and eventually stopped

49
Q

What part of your tracing illustrates vagal escape?
the part where the force of contraction decreased
the part where the heart resumed beating
the part where the heart rate slowed down
the part where the heart stopped

A

the part where the heart resumed beating

50
Q 
Research shows that in the absence of neural and hormonal influences, the SA node generates action potentials at a frequency of about 100 times per minute. However, the resting heart rate is about 70 beats per minute. What would the approximate heartrate be if the vagus nerve were severed?
about 100 beats per minute
faster than 100 beats per minute
slower than 70 beats per minute
about 70 beats per minute
A

about 100 beats per minute

51
Q

Which of the following has the fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization?
Which of the following has the fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization?
the AV node
AV bundle branches
the SA node
Purkinje fibers

A

the SA node

52
Q

For the frog heart, temperature and heart rate are _______.
For the frog heart, temperature and heart rate are _______.
independent
indirectly proportional
directly proportional
controlled by homeostasis

A

directly proportional

53
Q

If the human heart were experiencing hyperthermia, what do you think would be the effect on the heart rate?
If the human heart were experiencing hyperthermia, what do you think would be the effect on the heart rate?
The heart rate would increase and then return to normal.
The heart rate would decrease.
The heart rate would increase.
The heart rate would not change.

A

The heart rate would increase.

54
Q

Ringer’s solution contains which of the following?
Ringer’s solution contains which of the following?
anions
cations, anions and electrolytes
cations
electrolytes

A

cations, anions and electrolytes

55
Q

Muscarine is a poison found in poisonous mushrooms. Muscarine binds to acetylcholine receptors and mimics its action. Which of the following describes the effect of muscarine?
Muscarine is a poison found in poisonous mushrooms. Muscarine binds to acetylcholine receptors and mimics its action. Which of the following describes the effect of muscarine?
Like pilocarpine, it increases the heart rate.
Like atropine, it increases the heart rate.
Like atropine, it decreases the heart rate.
Like pilocarpine, it decreases the heart rate

A

Like pilocarpine, it decreases the heart rate.

56
Q

Beta blockers are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Which receptors do you think are being blocked?
Beta blockers are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Which receptors do you think are being blocked?
beta-adrenergic
alpha-adrenergic
nicotinic
muscarinic

A

beta-adrenergic

57
Q

With respect to heart rate, which of the following worked in opposition to each other?
With respect to heart rate, which of the following worked in opposition to each other?
digitalis and pilocarpine as well as atropine and epinephrine
digitalis and pilocarpine
atropine and epinephrine
digitalis and atropine

A

digitalis and atropine

58
Q

With respect to heart rate, which of the following had the same effect?
With respect to heart rate, which of the following had the same effect?
digitalis and atropine
atropine and epinephrine
digitalis and pilocarpine
digitalis and pilocarpine as well as atropine and epinephrine

A

digitalis and pilocarpine as well as atropine and epinephrine

59
Q

Which ion(s) at least initially lowered the frog heart rate in the activity you just performed?
Which ion(s) at least initially lowered the frog heart rate in the activity you just performed?
sodium
potassium
calcium, potassium and sodium
calcium
potassium and sodium

A

potassium and sodium

60
Q

What effect does potassium have on the resting membrane potential of the cardiac cell?
What effect does potassium have on the resting membrane potential of the cardiac cell?
Increasing extracellular potassium causes the resting membrane potential to become more negative.
Increasing extracellular potassium causes the resting membrane potential to become more positive.
Changes in potassium have no effect on the resting membrane potential.
Increasing intracellular potassium causes the resting membrane potential to become more positive.

A

Increasing extracellular potassium causes the resting membrane potential to become more positive.

61
Q

The cardiac cell plasma membrane is most permeable to _______________________.
The cardiac cell plasma membrane is most permeable to _______________________.
sodium
calcium
It is equally permeable to all ions.
potassium

A

potassium

62
Q

Calcium channel blockers block the movement of calcium _______.
Calcium channel blockers block the movement of calcium _______.
into the cell and increase heart rate
into the cell and decrease heart rate
out of the cell and decrease heart rate
out of the cell and increase heart rate

A

into the cell and decrease heart rate

63
Q

A ___________________ drug increases the force of contraction of the heart.
A ___________________ drug increases the force of contraction of the heart.
negative chronotropic
negative inotropic
positive chronotropic
positive inotropic

A

positive inotropic

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