Saladin Final Exam Study Flashcards
_______ anemia is caused by a defective gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin:
a. Hemorrhagic anemia
b. Aplastic Anemia
c. Pernicous anemia
d. Sickle cell anemia
d. sickle cell anemia
Which of the following has the function of defending against parasites?
a. Erythrocyte
b. Basophil
c. Neutrophil
d. Lymphocyte
e. Eosinophil
e. Eosinophil
Blood clotting is dependent upon:
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin K
e. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin K
Which of the following is involved in blood clotting?
a. Erythrocyte
b. Basophil
c. Neutrophil
d. Thrombocyte
e. Eosinophil
d. Thrombocyte
What is an excessive production of erythrocytes?
a. Hemorrhagic anemia
b. Polycythemia
c. Pernicous anemia
d. Sickle cell anemia
b. Polycythemia
What type of anemia is caused by destruction of blood forming elements in bone marrow?
a. Hemorrhagic anemia
b. Aplastic anemia
c. Pernicious anemia
d. Sickle cell anemia
b. Aplastic anemia
True or false:
Anemia is the inability of blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the tissues.
True
What is the disease caused by Rh incompatibility?
a. Sickle cell anemia
b. Erythroblastosis Fetalis
c. Iron deficiency anemia
d. Leukemia
e. Leukocytosis
b. Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Blood without the clotting factors and formed elements is known as:
a. Albumin
b. Serum
c. Plasma
d. Globulin
b. Serum
In the ABO blood typing system, this is the “universal donor”
a. Type A
b. Type B
c. Type AB
d. Type O
d. Type O
Which of the following is a blood clotting protein?
a. Albumin
b. Fibrin
c. Immunoglobulin
d. Collagen
b. Fibrin
A foreign substance that can cause the body to produce an antibody:
a. Antigen
b. Immunoglobulin
c. Albumin
d. Collagen
a. Antigen
The formation or production of blood cells is known as:
a. Anemia
b. Hematopoiesis
c. Hyperglycemia
d. Hypoglycemia
b. Hematopoiesis
The three important plasma proteins are _____, _____, and _____.
Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen
The two types of connective tissue that make blood cells are _____ and _____.
Myeloid and Lymphatic
The red pigment in red blood cells that carry oxygen is called _____.
Hemoglobin
These white blood cells are the most numerous of the phagocytes: ______.
Neutrophils
These white blood cells produce antibodies to fight microbes: _________.
B-lymphocytes, B-cells
Thrombin converts the inactive plasma protein _______ into a fibrous gel called ________.
Fibrinogen, fibrin
A _________ is an unneeded clot that stays in the place where it was found.
Thrombus
If part of a blood clot is dislodged and circulates through the bloodstream, it is called an ___________.
Embolus
A person with type AB blood has _________ and ___________ antigens on teh blood cells and _______ antibodies in the plasma.
A and B antigens, no antibodies
A person with type B blood has ______antigens on the blood cells and __________ antibodies in the plasma.
B antigens, Anti-A antibodies
A condition called ________ _________ can develop if an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against an Rh-positive fetus.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
_____ are thicker chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called discharging chambers
Ventricles
The _______ are thinner chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called the receiving chambers of the heart.
Atria
The ventricles of the heart are separated into right and left sides by the _______.
Interventricular septum
The heart valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle is called the ______ valve.
Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV)
The term ________ refers to the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle during each beat.
stroke volume
The _____ is the pacemaker of the heart and causes the contraction of the atria.
Sinoatrial
The _______ are extensions of the atrioventricular fibers and cause the contraction of the ventricles.
Purkinje fibers
The ECG tracing that occurs when the ventricles depolarize is called the ______.
QRS complex
The ECG tracing that occurs when the atria depolarize is called the ________
P Wave
The _______ are the microscopic blood vessels in which substances are exchanged between the blood and tissues.
Capillaries
The innermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the ______ _________
Tunica Intima
The outermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the ______.
Tunica adventitia
Systemic circulation involves moving of blood throughout the body; _____ involves moving blood from the heart to the lungs and back.
Pulmonary circulation
The two structures in the developing fetus that allow most of the blood to bypass the lungs are the ______ and the ______.
Foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosis.
The strength of the heart contraction and blood vlumes are two factors that influence blood pressure are ______ and ____.
Blood viscosity and heart rate
Describe the following list of parts in order of where blood would flow from start to finish through the heart:
left atrium, tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve), right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve
- Right atrium - receives blood from the great veins
- Tricuspid valve (right AV valve) - through to
- Right ventricle - Sends it to the
- Pulmonary semilunar valve - into the
- Pulmonary vein - blood returns to the heart oxygenated into the
- Left atrium
- Mitral valve (left AV valve) through to
- Left ventricle - mitral valve closes upon muscle contraction
- Aortic semilunar valve - opens and allows blood to flow out into the aorta
The most muscular chamber of the heart:
a. Right atrium
b. Right ventricle
c. Left atrium
d. Left ventricle
d. Left ventricle
The “wall” separating the two ventricles
a. Atrioventricular septum
b. Ineratrial septum
c. Interventricular septum
d. None of these
c. Interventricular septum
Which of the following is NOT a part of the electrical conductance system of the heart?
a. Sinoatrial node
b. Bundle of His
c. Purkinje fibers
d. Sentinel node
e. Atrioventricular node
d. Sentinal node
A major artery in the small intestine:
a. Superior mesentric
b. Internal carotid
c. Renal
d. Radial
e. Brachial
a. Superior mesenteric
During exercise, the greatest change in blood flow occurs in:
a. The brain
b. Skeletal muscle
c. the skin
d. the kidneys
e. cardiac muscle
b. skeletal muscle
The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle:
a. Tricuspid valve
b. Pulmonic valve
c. Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
d. Aortic valve
a. Tricuspid valve
The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle:
a. Tricuspid valve
b. Pulmonic valve
c. Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
d. Aortic valve
a. Tricuspid valve
True or false:
Polycythemia may increase blood viscosity (thickness) due to an increase in red blood cells and that may put a person at risk for a stroke or myocardial infarction
true
_____ function as exchange vessels for substances such as glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
a. arteries
b. capillaries
c. veins
b. Capillaries
The pulmonary veins carry:
a. oxygenated blood
b. deoxygenated blood
a. oxygenated blood
True or false:
The brachiocephalic artery supplying the right side of the body corresponds to the aorta that supplies the left side of the body.
true
In the fetus, this structure “shunts” blood from the right atrium to the left atrium allowing most of the blood to bypass the fetal lungs:
a. Aorta
b. Ductus arteriosus
c. Foramen ovale
d. Foramen rotundum
c. foramen ovale
The celiac artery supplies the:
a. brain
b. face
c. thigh
d. armpit
e. stomach
e. stomach
Contraction of the heart:
a. diastole
b. systole
c. palpitation
d. murmur
b. systole
The largest artery in the body:
a. Brachiocephalic trunk
b. pulmonary artery
c. Common carotid artery
d. Aorta
e. Subclavian artery
d. Aorta
Which of the following is NOT a valve in the heart?
a. brachiocephalic valve
b. pulmonic valve
c. mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
d. aortic valve
a. brachiocephalic valve
The valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle:
a. tricuspid vavle
b. pulmonic valve
c. mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
d. aortic valve
c. mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
True or false:
Angina pectoris is another name for myocardial infarction
false
angina pectoris, or stable angina, is generally chest pains and typically occurs in patients with prior existing heart disease. it occurs when the heart muscle is not getting as much blood as it needs
The immunity that develops after a person has had a disease is an example of:
a. active natural immunity
b. passive natural immunity
c. active artifical immunity
d. passive artificial immunity
a. active natural immunity
The immunity that comes from the injection of antibodies made by another individual’s immune system is an example of:
a. active natural immunity
b. passive natural immunity
c. active artificial immunity
d. passive artificial immunity
d. passive artificial immunity
The main cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are called_______.
T-cells, or T-lymphocytes
The main cells involved in humoral immunity are the _______ cells.
B-cells, or B lympohocytes
______ cells develop in teh thymus gland.
T-cells, or T lymphocytes
Some of the _____ cells can develop into memory cells.
B-cells, or B lymphocytes
lymph from about three-fourths of the body drains into the ______ _______
Thoracic Duct.
Lymph from the right upper extremity and the right side of the head drains into the ______ _________ ______
Right lymphatic duct
The enlarged, pouch-like structure is in the abdomen that serves as a storage area for lymph is called the __________ _________.
Cisterna Chili
The many lymph vessels that enter the lymph node are called the ______ vessels. The single vessel leaving the lymph node is called the _______ vessel.
afferent vessels, efferent vessels
The thymus gland is the site of maturation for these WBCs: ________. It also produces the hormone _____.
T lymphocytes (T-cells), Thymosin
The three pairs of tonsils are the ______ tonsils, the ______ tonsils, and the _____ tonsils.
Pharyngeal (adenoid), palatine, and lingual
________ kills invading cells by drilling holes in their plasma membrane, which disrupts the sodium and water balance.
Compliment fixation
Macrophages were originally ________ that migrated into the tissues.
Monocytes
______ cells produce antibodies
B-cells
Lymphatic vessels in teh walls of the small intestine:
a. Veins
b. Lacteals
c. Thoracic duct
d. both a and b
e. None of the above
b. lacteals
Injection of a vaccine (such as polo vaccine):
a. Natural active immunity
b. natural passive immunity
c. artifical active immunity
d. artificial passive immunity
c. artificial active immunity
Which of the following is NOT a primary cell of the immune system?
a. neutrophil
b. erythrocyte
c. monocyte
d. T-lymphocyte
e. macrophage
b. erythrocyte
The spleen is:
a. Highly vascularized
b. Poorly vascularized
a. highly vascularized
Phagocytosis of bacteria is a form of:
a. Specific immunity
b. non specific immunity
b. non specific immunity
Involution is a process by which an organ is replaced with connective tissue and fat. This is typical in the:
a. Spleen
b. Thymus
c. Thyroid
d. Tonsils
e. Stomach
b. thymus
Lymph flow in the body:
a. moves only toward the heart
b. Moves only away from the heart
c. moves both toward and away from the heart
a. moves only toward the heart
Protection received by an infant from the mother’s breast milk:
a. Natural active immunity
b. Natural passive immunity
c. Artificial active immunity
d. Artificial passive immunity
b. natural passive immunity
A life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system:
a. hives
b. anaphylactic shock
c. tonsillitus
d. appendicitis
e. allergy
b. anaphylactic shock
The lining of the lymphatic vessels allows for movement of materials into and out of the vessels. The epithelium is:
a. columnar
b. stratified squamous
c. cuboidal
d. simple squamous
e. transitional
d. simple squamous
All of the following are true of antibodies EXCEPT:
a. They are proteins produced by plasma cells
b. They are also called imunoglobulins
c. They are involved in humoral immunity
d. They are produced in the pituitary gland
d. Are produced by the pituitary gland
Inflammation is an example of:
a. Innate immunity
b. Specific immunity
a. innate immunity
Which one of the following is NOT a function of lymph nodes?
a. defense
b. white blood cell production
c. erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)
d. filtration of lymph
c. erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)
RBC formation takes place in bone marrow
This organ is located in the mediastinum (a space between the lungs), is involved in the maturation of T-lymphocytes and atrophies or gets smaller as we age
a. spleen
b. thyroid
c. pituitary
d. thymus
e. tonsils
d. thymus
The skin and mucosa serve a role in:
a. specific immunity
b. nonspecific immunity
b. nonspecific immunity
When an individual is exposed to a microorganism (for example, the mumps virus) and then develops resistance to future exposures is:
a. natural active immunity
b. natural passive immunity
c. artificial active immunity
d. artificial passive immunity
a. natural active immunity
The upper respiratory tract consists of the _____, the _____, and the _______.
pharynx, larynx, and nose
The lower respiratory tract consists of the _____, the _____, and the _____.
Trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree
The frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal cvities make up the _______.
Sinuses
The ________ protrude into the nasal cavities and function to warm and humidify air.
conchal
The four progressively smaller air tubes that connect the trachea and the alveolar sacs are the ______, _____, ________, and the _______.
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, and the alveolar ductus
A _______ is a substance made by the lungs to help reduce the surface tension of water in the alveoli
surfactant
The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissue is called ________ ________.
internal respiration
The exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs is called ___ _____
external respiration
_______ ____________ are the receptors that inhibit the inspiratory center that keeps the lungs from over-expanding
stretch receptors
_______ are the receptors that modify respiratory rates by responding to the amount of carbon dioxide, oxygen, or acid levels in the blood.
chemoreceptors
The volume included in total lung capacity but not vital capacity is ________ volume
residual
Exchange of gases in the respiratory system is:
a. a passive process (diffusion)
b. an active process
a. an active process (diffusion)
“Breathing” is another name for:
a. pulmonary ventilation
b. cellular respiration
a. pulmonary ventilation
The structure that connects the middle ear and nasopharynx:
a. fallopian tube
b. bronchus
c. vestibular tube
d. eustachian tube
e. none of the above
d. eustachian tube
All of the following are respiratory organs EXCEPT:
a. nose
b. esophagus
c. trachea
d. larynx
e. bronchi
b. esophagus
Normal inspiration is:
a. an active process
b. a passive process
a. an active process
The function of surfactant is
a. to lubricate the bronchi
b. to humidify the air we breathe
c. to decrease the surface tension in the lungs so that they can expand
d. to increase the surface tension in the lungs to keep them from collapsing
c. to decrease the surface tension in teh lungs so that they can expand
The greatest amount of air that one can breathe out in one expiration:
a. Tidal volume
b. vital capacity
c. reserve volume
d. dead space
b. Vital capacity
All of the following are true of pleura EXCEPT:
a. it covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage
b. it is a thin moist membrane
c. it is divided into a visceral and parietal pleura
d. it is a mucosa
e. inflammation of the pleura is called pleurisy
d. it is a mucosa
The thyroid cartilage is part of the :
a. pharynx
b. trachea
c. larynx
d. esophagus
e. none of the above
c. larynx
The amount of air we breathe in and out with a normal breath is referred to as:
a. residual volume
b. tidal volume
c. essential volume
d. reserve volume
b. tidal volume
The pharynx is divided into three regions. Which one of the following is located most superiorly?
a. oropharynx
b. nasopharynx
c. laryngopharynx
b. nasopharynx
The vocal cords are part of the:
a. pharynx
b. trachea
c. larynx
d. esophagus
e. none of the above
c. larynx
The major muscle of respiration:
a. diaphragm
b. anterior scalene
c. sternocleidomastoid
d. rectus abdominus
e. none of the above
a. diaphragm
What nerve innervates the diaphragm causing it to contract?
a. vagus
b. phrenic
c. radial
d. pulmonary
e. trochlear
b. phrenic nerve
Which is not an organ of the digestive system?
a. stomach
b. spleen
c. pancreas
d. duodenum
e. colon
b. spleen
Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that aid in teh digestion of:
a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. fats
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Vitamin K is:
a. water soluble
b. fat soluble
b. fat soluble
A deficiency of this vitamin may lead to night blindness:
a. Vitamin K
b. Vitamin E
c. Vitamin B
d. Vitamin A
e. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin A
The number of calories that must be produced to keep the body alive, awake, and comfortably warm:
a. Accelerated metabolic rate
b. Catabolic rate
c. Basal metabolic rate
d. Anabolic rate
c. Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Which organ has both exocrine and endocrine function?
a. Gall bladder
b. Liver
c. Pancreas
d. Spleen
c. pancreas
A deficiency of this vitamin could lead to skeletal deformities:
a. Vitamin K
b. Vitamin E
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin A
e. Vitamin C
c. Vitamin D
The resulting symptoms of a hiatal hernia are referred to as:
a. appendicitis
b. gastritis
c. gastroesophageal reflux disease
d. enteritis
c. gastroesophageal reflux disease
What gland secretes sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize the acidity of the gastric juice that enters the intestines?
a. Gall bladder
b. Liver
c. Pancreas
d. Spleen
c. pancreas
True or False:
The hard palate is more anterior than the soft palate in the mouth.
True
Which of the following is the most distal part of the small intestine?
a. duodenum
b. jejeunum
c. ileum
d. colon
c. ileum
The mumps involves which one of the following glands?
a. parotid
b. palatine
c. submandibular
d. sublingual
a. parotid
Which one of the following is the “preferred” source of energy for the body?
a. fats
b. carbohydrates
c. proteins
b. carbohydrates
The breaking down of larger food particles into smaller molecules:
a. anabolism
b. catabolism
b. catabolism
Name the four layers of the intestinal wall from inside out.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis external, serosa
The _______ and _____ prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity above the mouth when food is swallowed.
uvula, and soft pallate
The three main parts of a tooth are _____, ________, and ______.
Crown, root, and neck
The three divisions of the stomach are the _____, _____, and ___.
Fundus, body, and pylorus
The common bile duct is formed by the union of the ______ from the liver and the _______ from the gallbladder.
common hepatic duct, cystic duct
The part of the large intestine between the ascending and descending colon is the ________ colon.
transverse colon
The part of the large intestine between the descending and the rectum is called the _____ colon.
sigmoid colon
The two most prominent extensions of the peritoneum are the ________ and the _____.
Mesentery, and the greater omentum
_______ is the effect bile has on fat droplets.
emulsification
________ is made in both the salivary gland and the pancreas and digests starch
Amylase
The _______ enzyme is made in the stomach in an inactive form and digests protein.
Pepsin - secreted as pepsinogen in order to not break down the cells.
The hormone ____ stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder.
Cholecystokinin
The enzyme ______ is made in the small intestine and digests protein.
pepsidase
The ______ is the duct that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct.
cystic duct
The enzyme is made as an inactive form int he pancreas and digests protein.
Trypsin
This enzyme is made in the pancreas and digests fat
Lipase
The process of ______ occurs when food molecules enter the cells and undergo chemical changes
assimilation
_______ is the term used to describe all the chemical processes that release energy from food.
catabolism
______ is the term used to describe all the chemical processes that build food molecules into larger compounds
anabolism
The B vitamins are _____ soluble, whereas vitamins K and E are ______ soluble
water soluble, fat soluble
The __________ is the total amount of energy used by the body per day
Total metabolic rate
To lose weight, your total caloric intake must be less than your ______.
Total metabolic rate.
