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A&P internet cards > Saladin Ch25: The Digestive System > Flashcards

Saladin Ch25: The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 alternate names for the digestive system/tract?

A

Alimentary, enteron, and gastrointestinal

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2
Q

What is the length of the GI tract in a living person and cadaver?

A

5m/16ft and 9m/30ft

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3
Q

What is the name of the tissue covering the digestive organs?

A

peritoneum

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4
Q

What is the process of chemical digestion that breaks down carbs, fats, and protein?

A

hydrolysis

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5
Q

What two muscles define the oral cavity?

A

buccinator and orbicularis oris

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6
Q

What is an alternate name for the oral cavity?

A

buccal cavity

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7
Q

What is the space between the gums and the lips?

A

vestibule

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8
Q

What is the connection between the upper lip and gums?

A

superior labial frenulum

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9
Q

What are the involutions of the hard palate?

A

Friction ridges

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10
Q

What is the connection for the tongue on the inferior side?

A

lingual frenulum

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11
Q

What are the two salivary duct orifices?

A

Sublingual and submandibular

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12
Q

What is the connection between the lower lip and gums?

A

inferior labial frenulum

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13
Q

What type of tissue covers the tongue?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of lingual papillae?

A

Filliform, fungiform, and vallate

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15
Q

What is the alternate name for “taste”?

A

gustation

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16
Q

What is the nerve that innervates the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue?

A

facial (VII)

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17
Q

What is the nerve that innervates the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal (IX)

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18
Q

What are the bones that constitute the hard palate?

A

maxilla and palatine bones

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19
Q

What is the alternate name for “teeth”?

A

dentition

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20
Q

What is the term that describes varying sizes of teeth?

A

heterodont

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21
Q

What is the term that describes mammals who have two sets of teeth during a lifetime?

A

diphyodont

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22
Q

What is the term for the socket in which a tooth sits?

A

alveolus

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23
Q

What is the term that describes mammals whose teeth sit in sockets?

A

thecodont

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24
Q

What is the type of join that holds teeth in the alveolus?

A

gomphosis

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25
Q

What is the alternate name for the gum?

A

gingiva

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26
Q

What is the space where the tooth and gum meet?

A

gingival sulcus

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27
Q

What is the hard yellowish tissue that makes up the majority of the tooth?

A

dentin

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28
Q

What is the covering of the tooth above the gum?

A

enamel

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29
Q

What is the covering of the tooth below the gum?

A

cementum

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30
Q

What are two areas of tooth that contains arteries, veins, nerves, and loose connective tissue?

A

Pulp cavity and root canal

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31
Q

What is the pore through which nerves and vessels enter and exit the tooth?

A

apical foramen

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32
Q

What is the connective tissue that lines the alveolus and penetrates the cavity and tooth to hold it in place?

A

periodontal ligament

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33
Q

What are the 3 sets of salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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34
Q

What is the component of saliva that breaks down starch?

A

salivary amylase

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35
Q

What is the component of saliva that breaks down lipids?

A

lingual lipase

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36
Q

What is the antibacterial enzyme found in saliva and what is its function?

A

IgA; it inhibits bacterial growth

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37
Q

What are the electrolytes found in saliva?

A

Na, K, Cl, HCO3

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38
Q

What muscle type is the pharynx composed of?

A

striated skeletal muscle

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39
Q

What is the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes?

A

esophageal hiatus

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40
Q

What are the 4 layers of the esophageal wall?

A

mucosa (inner), submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

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41
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A

stratified squamous epithelia, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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42
Q

What are the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa and what type of muscle are they?

A

inner circular, outer longitudinal, both are smooth muscle

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43
Q

What muscle types make up the length of the esophagus?

A

upper 1/3rd is skeletal, lower 1/3rd is smooth

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44
Q

What are the two parasympathetic nerve plexuses of the enteric nervous system?

A

submucosal (meissner) and myenteric (auerbach)

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45
Q

What is an alternate name for swallowing?

A

deglutition

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46
Q

What is the region of the brain that controls swallowing reflex?

A

medulla oblongata and pons

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47
Q

What is the term for food mixed with gastric secretions?

A

chyme

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48
Q

What are the actions of swallowing that are voluntary?

A

mouth closes, then tongue presses against the palate

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49
Q

What are the actions of swallowing that are involuntary?

A

sensory receptors raise the soft palate and uvula, the larynx raises against the epiglottis, the glottis closes, constrictors move bolus to esophagus, and peristalsis takes over

50
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric

51
Q

What type of cell makes up the mucosa of the stomach wall?

A

simple columnar epithelium

52
Q

What is the turnover rate of mucosa of the stomach wall?

A

3-6 days

53
Q

What is the composition of musclaris external of the stomach wall?

A

longitudinal, circular, and oblique smooth muscle

54
Q

What amount of gastric juice is produced by the gastric glands each day?

A

2-3 L

55
Q

What type of cells produce mucus in the stomach?

A

mucous cells

56
Q

What type of cells produce IF and HCL in the stomach?

A

parietal cells

57
Q

What is the enzyme produced by parietal cells that aids in the production of HCL in the stomach?

A

carbonic anhydrase (CAH)

58
Q

What are the enzymes activated by HCL?

A

pepsin and lipase

59
Q

What ion conversion occurs due to HCL?

A

ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+)

60
Q

What type of cells produce pepsinogen in the stomach?

A

chief cells

61
Q

What is the active form of pepsinogen?

A

pepsin

62
Q

What are the enteroendocrine cells in the stomach and what hormone do they secrete?

A

G cells, secrete gastrin

63
Q

What are the ridges in the stomach?

A

gastric rugae

64
Q

What is the ANS innervation of the stomach?

A

PS = Vagus; S = celiac ganglion

65
Q

What is the path of blood supply to the stomach?

A

celiac artery –> gastric artery

66
Q

What are the 3 hormones secreted by the duodendum?

A

secretin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

67
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric activity?

A

cephalic, gastric, and intestinal

68
Q

What nerve is active during cephalic gastric activity phase?

A

vagus

69
Q

What are the hormones secreted during the gastric phase of gastric activity?

A

gastrin and histamine

70
Q

What are the reflexes during the gastric phase of gastric activity?

A

myenteric and vagovagal

71
Q

What hormones are secreted during the intestinal phase of gastric activity?

A

CCK, secretin, and GIP

72
Q

What are the two regions of the liver?

A

right hypochondriac and epigastric

73
Q

What are the 3 sources of blood supply?

A

1: abdominal aorta –> celiac –> hepatic a.
2: small intestine –> hepatic portal vein
3: hepatic veins –> inferior vena cava

74
Q

What is the subunit for the liver?

A

lobules

75
Q

What provides the central drainage of a lobule?

A

central vein

76
Q

What 3 vessels compose the hepatic triad?

A

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ductile

77
Q

What are the cells in the liver that produce bile that is sent to the bile ductule?

A

hepatocytes

78
Q

What structure stores and concentrates bile?

A

gall bladder

79
Q

What is the network of ducts that dump into the small intestine?

A

right and left hepatic ducts –> common hepatic –> joins cystic duct –> joins pancreatic duct –> hepatopancreatic ampulla –> small intestine

80
Q

What are the cell types that make up pancreatic islets?

A

alpha and beta cells

81
Q

What hormone is secreted by alpha cells?

A

glucagon

82
Q

What hormone is secreted by beta cells?

A

insulin

83
Q

What is the neural reflex that stimulates pancreatic juice production?

A

parasympathetic

84
Q

What is the neural reflex that inhibits pancreatic juice production?

A

sympathetic

85
Q

What is the hormone secreted by the duodendum upon arrival of fats?

A

cholecytoskinin

86
Q

What is the effect of CCK?

A

bile and pancreatic enzyme release

87
Q

What is the hormone secreted by duodendum upon arrival of acid?

A

secretin

88
Q

What is the effect of secretin?

A

ductal cells release HCO3-

89
Q

What are the 3 zymogens produced by acinar cells?

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase

90
Q

What enzyme is produced by brush border cells?

A

enterokinase

91
Q

What is the action of enterokinase?

A

trypsinogen is converted to trypsin

92
Q

What are the 2 actions of trypsin?

A

chymotrypsinogen is converted to chymotrypsin; procarboxypeptidase is converted to carboxypeptidase

93
Q

What 4 active enzymes are produced by acinar cells?

A

pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease

94
Q

What are the cells that release HCO3- in the pancreas?

A

ductal cells

95
Q

What are the finger-like projections of the small intestine?

A

villi

96
Q

What are the folds/projections on the surface of cells?

A

microvilli

97
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine from start to finish?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

98
Q

What is an alternate name for microvilli?

A

brush border

99
Q

What are the depressions in the small intestine surface?

A

intestinal crypts

100
Q

What is the cell type found in intestinal crypts?

A

paneth cells

101
Q

What is the enzyme produced by paneth cells?

A

lysozyme

102
Q

What is an alternate name for lymphatic nodules found in the ileum?

A

peyer’s patcehs

103
Q

What is the enzyme in the mouth that breaks carbs into oligosaccharides?

A

salivary amylase

104
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks oligosaccharides into disaccharides?

A

pancreatic amylase

105
Q

What is the name of the enzyme group that breaks down proteins?

A

proteases

106
Q

What protease is found in the stomach?

A

pepsin

107
Q

What are the 3 brush border enzymes found in the small intestine?

A

carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase

108
Q

What is the name of the enzyme group that breaks down lipids?

A

lipases

109
Q

What lipases require gastic acid activation?

A

lingual lipase

110
Q

What is the organ where emulsification of lipids occurs?

A

small intestine

111
Q

What is the name of the enzyme group that breaks down nucleic acids?

A

nucleases

112
Q

What are the two nucleases found in pancreatic juice?

A

ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

113
Q

What are the products of nuclease action?

A

nucleosidases (ribose, deoxyribose) and phosphatases (phosphate ions)

114
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

115
Q

What is the pouch-like region at the beginning of the large intestine?

A

cecum

116
Q

What are the pouches on the midline of the large intestine?

A

hastrum

117
Q

What are the longitudinal muscles around the outside of the large intestine?

A

taenia coli

118
Q

What type of cell makes up the endothelium of the large intestine?

A

dimple columnar epithelium

119
Q

What are the functions of intestinal flora?

A

break down cellulose, produce B and K vitamins, and produce gas

120
Q

What are the functions of large intestine?

A

reabsorb water and electrolytes

121
Q

What is the oral portion of alimentary canal during embryo development?

A

stomodaeum

122
Q

What is the anal portion of the alimentary canal during embryo development?

A

proctodaeum

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