Saladin Ch25: The Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What are 3 alternate names for the digestive system/tract?
A
Alimentary, enteron, and gastrointestinal
2
Q
What is the length of the GI tract in a living person and cadaver?
A
5m/16ft and 9m/30ft
3
Q
What is the name of the tissue covering the digestive organs?
A
peritoneum
4
Q
What is the process of chemical digestion that breaks down carbs, fats, and protein?
A
hydrolysis
5
Q
What two muscles define the oral cavity?
A
buccinator and orbicularis oris
6
Q
What is an alternate name for the oral cavity?
A
buccal cavity
7
Q
What is the space between the gums and the lips?
A
vestibule
8
Q
What is the connection between the upper lip and gums?
A
superior labial frenulum
9
Q
What are the involutions of the hard palate?
A
Friction ridges
10
Q
What is the connection for the tongue on the inferior side?
A
lingual frenulum
11
Q
What are the two salivary duct orifices?
A
Sublingual and submandibular
12
Q
What is the connection between the lower lip and gums?
A
inferior labial frenulum
13
Q
What type of tissue covers the tongue?
A
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
14
Q
What are the 3 types of lingual papillae?
A
Filliform, fungiform, and vallate
15
Q
What is the alternate name for “taste”?
A
gustation
16
Q
What is the nerve that innervates the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue?
A
facial (VII)
17
Q
What is the nerve that innervates the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
A
glossopharyngeal (IX)
18
Q
What are the bones that constitute the hard palate?
A
maxilla and palatine bones
19
Q
What is the alternate name for “teeth”?
A
dentition
20
Q
What is the term that describes varying sizes of teeth?
A
heterodont
21
Q
What is the term that describes mammals who have two sets of teeth during a lifetime?
A
diphyodont
22
Q
What is the term for the socket in which a tooth sits?
A
alveolus
23
Q
What is the term that describes mammals whose teeth sit in sockets?
A
thecodont
24
Q
What is the type of join that holds teeth in the alveolus?
A
gomphosis
25
What is the alternate name for the gum?
gingiva
26
What is the space where the tooth and gum meet?
gingival sulcus
27
What is the hard yellowish tissue that makes up the majority of the tooth?
dentin
28
What is the covering of the tooth above the gum?
enamel
29
What is the covering of the tooth below the gum?
cementum
30
What are two areas of tooth that contains arteries, veins, nerves, and loose connective tissue?
Pulp cavity and root canal
31
What is the pore through which nerves and vessels enter and exit the tooth?
apical foramen
32
What is the connective tissue that lines the alveolus and penetrates the cavity and tooth to hold it in place?
periodontal ligament
33
What are the 3 sets of salivary glands?
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
34
What is the component of saliva that breaks down starch?
salivary amylase
35
What is the component of saliva that breaks down lipids?
lingual lipase
36
What is the antibacterial enzyme found in saliva and what is its function?
IgA; it inhibits bacterial growth
37
What are the electrolytes found in saliva?
Na, K, Cl, HCO3
38
What muscle type is the pharynx composed of?
striated skeletal muscle
39
What is the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes?
esophageal hiatus
40
What are the 4 layers of the esophageal wall?
mucosa (inner), submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
41
What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?
stratified squamous epithelia, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
42
What are the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa and what type of muscle are they?
inner circular, outer longitudinal, both are smooth muscle
43
What muscle types make up the length of the esophagus?
upper 1/3rd is skeletal, lower 1/3rd is smooth
44
What are the two parasympathetic nerve plexuses of the enteric nervous system?
submucosal (meissner) and myenteric (auerbach)
45
What is an alternate name for swallowing?
deglutition
46
What is the region of the brain that controls swallowing reflex?
medulla oblongata and pons
47
What is the term for food mixed with gastric secretions?
chyme
48
What are the actions of swallowing that are voluntary?
mouth closes, then tongue presses against the palate
49
What are the actions of swallowing that are involuntary?
sensory receptors raise the soft palate and uvula, the larynx raises against the epiglottis, the glottis closes, constrictors move bolus to esophagus, and peristalsis takes over
50
What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
Cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric
51
What type of cell makes up the mucosa of the stomach wall?
simple columnar epithelium
52
What is the turnover rate of mucosa of the stomach wall?
3-6 days
53
What is the composition of musclaris external of the stomach wall?
longitudinal, circular, and oblique smooth muscle
54
What amount of gastric juice is produced by the gastric glands each day?
2-3 L
55
What type of cells produce mucus in the stomach?
mucous cells
56
What type of cells produce IF and HCL in the stomach?
parietal cells
57
What is the enzyme produced by parietal cells that aids in the production of HCL in the stomach?
carbonic anhydrase (CAH)
58
What are the enzymes activated by HCL?
pepsin and lipase
59
What ion conversion occurs due to HCL?
ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+)
60
What type of cells produce pepsinogen in the stomach?
chief cells
61
What is the active form of pepsinogen?
pepsin
62
What are the enteroendocrine cells in the stomach and what hormone do they secrete?
G cells, secrete gastrin
63
What are the ridges in the stomach?
gastric rugae
64
What is the ANS innervation of the stomach?
PS = Vagus; S = celiac ganglion
65
What is the path of blood supply to the stomach?
celiac artery --> gastric artery
66
What are the 3 hormones secreted by the duodendum?
secretin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
67
What are the 3 phases of gastric activity?
cephalic, gastric, and intestinal
68
What nerve is active during cephalic gastric activity phase?
vagus
69
What are the hormones secreted during the gastric phase of gastric activity?
gastrin and histamine
70
What are the reflexes during the gastric phase of gastric activity?
myenteric and vagovagal
71
What hormones are secreted during the intestinal phase of gastric activity?
CCK, secretin, and GIP
72
What are the two regions of the liver?
right hypochondriac and epigastric
73
What are the 3 sources of blood supply?
1: abdominal aorta --> celiac --> hepatic a.
2: small intestine --> hepatic portal vein
3: hepatic veins --> inferior vena cava
74
What is the subunit for the liver?
lobules
75
What provides the central drainage of a lobule?
central vein
76
What 3 vessels compose the hepatic triad?
hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ductile
77
What are the cells in the liver that produce bile that is sent to the bile ductule?
hepatocytes
78
What structure stores and concentrates bile?
gall bladder
79
What is the network of ducts that dump into the small intestine?
right and left hepatic ducts --> common hepatic --> joins cystic duct --> joins pancreatic duct --> hepatopancreatic ampulla --> small intestine
80
What are the cell types that make up pancreatic islets?
alpha and beta cells
81
What hormone is secreted by alpha cells?
glucagon
82
What hormone is secreted by beta cells?
insulin
83
What is the neural reflex that stimulates pancreatic juice production?
parasympathetic
84
What is the neural reflex that inhibits pancreatic juice production?
sympathetic
85
What is the hormone secreted by the duodendum upon arrival of fats?
cholecytoskinin
86
What is the effect of CCK?
bile and pancreatic enzyme release
87
What is the hormone secreted by duodendum upon arrival of acid?
secretin
88
What is the effect of secretin?
ductal cells release HCO3-
89
What are the 3 zymogens produced by acinar cells?
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase
90
What enzyme is produced by brush border cells?
enterokinase
91
What is the action of enterokinase?
trypsinogen is converted to trypsin
92
What are the 2 actions of trypsin?
chymotrypsinogen is converted to chymotrypsin; procarboxypeptidase is converted to carboxypeptidase
93
What 4 active enzymes are produced by acinar cells?
pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease
94
What are the cells that release HCO3- in the pancreas?
ductal cells
95
What are the finger-like projections of the small intestine?
villi
96
What are the folds/projections on the surface of cells?
microvilli
97
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine from start to finish?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
98
What is an alternate name for microvilli?
brush border
99
What are the depressions in the small intestine surface?
intestinal crypts
100
What is the cell type found in intestinal crypts?
paneth cells
101
What is the enzyme produced by paneth cells?
lysozyme
102
What is an alternate name for lymphatic nodules found in the ileum?
peyer's patcehs
103
What is the enzyme in the mouth that breaks carbs into oligosaccharides?
salivary amylase
104
What is the enzyme that breaks oligosaccharides into disaccharides?
pancreatic amylase
105
What is the name of the enzyme group that breaks down proteins?
proteases
106
What protease is found in the stomach?
pepsin
107
What are the 3 brush border enzymes found in the small intestine?
carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase
108
What is the name of the enzyme group that breaks down lipids?
lipases
109
What lipases require gastic acid activation?
lingual lipase
110
What is the organ where emulsification of lipids occurs?
small intestine
111
What is the name of the enzyme group that breaks down nucleic acids?
nucleases
112
What are the two nucleases found in pancreatic juice?
ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
113
What are the products of nuclease action?
nucleosidases (ribose, deoxyribose) and phosphatases (phosphate ions)
114
What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
115
What is the pouch-like region at the beginning of the large intestine?
cecum
116
What are the pouches on the midline of the large intestine?
hastrum
117
What are the longitudinal muscles around the outside of the large intestine?
taenia coli
118
What type of cell makes up the endothelium of the large intestine?
dimple columnar epithelium
119
What are the functions of intestinal flora?
break down cellulose, produce B and K vitamins, and produce gas
120
What are the functions of large intestine?
reabsorb water and electrolytes
121
What is the oral portion of alimentary canal during embryo development?
stomodaeum
122
What is the anal portion of the alimentary canal during embryo development?
proctodaeum
