Blood Flashcards
Which plasma protein is the smallest and most abundant?
Albumin
What are the three major categories of plasma proteins?
albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
What is the function of albumin?
transport various solutes and buffer pH; contribute to viscosity and osmolarity
What are the formed elements of blood?
Platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells
What are some functions of plasma proteins?
Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones;
clotting;
immune defense
What is the protein in the cytoplasm of red blood cells that binds oxygen and helps to buffer the blood pH?
hemoglobin
List the events of platelet plug formation in order
1: contact with collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface
2: Platelets grow long spiny pseudopods
3: Platelets stick to each other
4: The pseudopods then contract and draw the vessel walls together
5: This mass of platelets forms a platelet plug
Which property of blood is defined as the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall?
Osmolarity
Which leukocytes leave the bloodstream and transform into large phagocytic tissue cells called macrophages?
monocytes
Describe normal erythrocytes
Have biconcave shape;
contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen;
missing nucleus and other organelles
eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils are examples of what?
granulocytes
Another term for white blood cells (WBC) is what?
leukocyte
What is an abnormally high red blood cell count?
Polycythemia
What is it called when total WBC count is above 10,000 WBCs per nanoliter?
Leukocytosis
What is it called when total WBC count is below 5,000 WBCs per nanoliter?
Leukopenia
What is the cancer of hemopoietic tissues resulting in high numbers of leukocytes?
Leukemia
Antibodies belong to which class of plasma proteins?
gamma globulins
Plasma transports what?
Nutrients from the digestive system;
Oxygen from the lungs;
nitrogenous wastes from the kidneys
Which antigens are expressed on the surface of RBCs in an individual with blood type A+?
Antigen A and Antigen D
What is the term for plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed?
serum
What are granulocytes that phagocytize bacteria?
neutrophils
List the leukocytes, from most abundant to least abundant (in healthy individuals)
1: Neutophils
2: Lymphocytes
3: Monocytes
4: Eosinophils
5: Basophils
What is the term for the production of red blood cells?
erythropoiesis
Which leukocytes function to destroy large parasites such as hookworms and tapeworms?
eosinophils
What can cause anemia?
Inadequate hemoglobin synthesis,
Increased hemolysis,
Hemorrhage
Describe platelets
Very small (2-4 nanometers in diameter);
Normal platelet count ranges from 130,000 to 400,000 platelets per nanoliter;
they are not cells, but small fragments of megakaryocytes;
Contribute less than WBCs to blood volume because they are much smaller
What is the most abundant formed element?
erythrocytes
What is the interaction of protein factors to produce a clot?
coagulation
Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?
Spleen
The cardiovascular system includes what?
Heart and blood vessels
Describe neutrophils
They have multi lobed nuclei when mature;
They are the most abundant leukocyte;
They are granulocytes;
Which blood type is the most common in the US
O
Describe monocytes
The cytoplasm contains sparse, fine granules;
The nucleus is large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped
Which plasma protein is converted to fibrin during coagulation?
fibrinogen
How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells?
RVCs are more numerous, only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood is reticulocytes;
reticulocytes have polyribosomes, RBCs do not
Place the events of heme disposal in order
1: Macrophages remove iron
2: Macrophages convert the heme into biliverdin
3: A yellow-green pigment called bilirubin is formed
What term refers to the production of blood, including all components
Hemopoiesis
Albumin plays a role in what?
Solute transport;
Maintenance of osmolarity;
pH buffering of plasma
How does coumadin/warfarin prevent blood clots?
antagonizes vitamin K
How does EDTA prevent blood clots?
Binds calcium ions and prevents them from participating in the coagulation reactions
How does Aspirin prevent blood clots?
Suppresses the formation of elcosanoid thromboxane A2
A mass of clotted blood in the tissue is called what?
hematoma
What is the process of clot formation within blood vessels?
thrombosis
Fetal hemoglobin consists of what?
2 alpha and 2 gamma chains
The rupture of red blood cells is called what?
hemolysis
What conditions are associated with clotting disorders?
malnutrition;
hemophilia;
leukemia;
gallstones
What is the purpose of a differential WBC count?
to determine the number and ratio of each type of leukocytes in a sample
List the events that occur during fibrinolysis
1: Prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein;
2: Kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasmin;
3: Plasmin dissolves the blood clot
What is the production of large antigen-antibody complexes?
agglutination
What are some possible causes of leukocytosis?
allergy; infection; dehydration
What is the clotting and hemorrhaging, limited to one organ or occurring throughout the body?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
What is the Epstein-Barr visrus affecting B-lymphocytes. It is transmitted by kissing, causes fever, fatigue, sore throat?
Infections mononucleosis
What is it when bacteria in the bloodstream, accompanying infection elsewhere in the body?
Septicemia
What is hereditary anemia common in people of Mediterranean descent; Alpha or beta hemoglobin is abnormal
Thalassemia
Which granulocyte has large, dark-staining granules that contain heparin and histamine?
Basophil
How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?
4
